Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) In Youth: A Narrative Review

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) In Youth: A Narrative Review

Tiffany Field, PhD

University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine and Fielding Graduate University

This narrative review on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in youth briefly summarizes research on physical and cognitive symptoms of OCD based on facial, olfactory, sleep, orthorexia, social cognition, attentional bias and brain studies. Secondly, it focuses on risk factors for OCD including genetic factors, comorbidities, family prevalence, vitamin deficiencies, infection and Covid-19 effects. Treatments are focused on attention bias modification, cognitive behavior therapy, exercise and medications. This literature, while very extensive, is limited to some seemingly uninteresting laboratory paradigms and youth and parent questionnaire data as well as a few effective therapy and medication protocols.

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Narrative Review

Free Full-text PDF

How to cite this article:

Tiffany Field. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) In Youth: A Narrative Review. American Journal of Psychiatric Research and Reviews, 2022; 5:36. DOI: 10.28933/ajprr-2022-06-2106tf

References

1. Abrantes AM, Farris SG, Brown RA, Greenberg BD, Strong DR, McLaughlin NC, Riebe D. Acute effects of aerobic exercise on negative affect and obsessions and compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:991-997. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.074. Epub 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30699885; PMCID: PMC7037579.
2. Alonso P, Menchón JM, Mataix-Cols D, Pifarré J, Urretavizcaya M, Crespo JM, Jiménez S, Vallejo G, Vallejo J. Perceived parental rearing style in obsessive-compulsive disorder: relation to symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Jul 15;127(3):267-78. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2001.12.002. PMID: 15296826.
3. Bora A, Uzun Cicek A. Olfactory Impairment in Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020 Nov;208(11):890-896. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001231. PMID: 32925693.
4. Borda T, Neziroglu F, Taboas W, McKay D, Frenkiel L. Overvalued ideation in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Sep;255:66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.001. Epub 2017 May 3. PMID: 28528243.
5. Cunning C, Hodes M. The COVID-19 pandemic and obsessive-compulsive disorder in young people: Systematic review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022 Jan;27(1):18-34. doi: 10.1177/13591045211028169. Epub 2021 Jun 25. PMID: 34171975; PMCID: PMC8814616.
6. Dalmaso M, Petri L, Patron E, Spoto A, Vicovaro M. Direct Gaze Holds Attention, but Not in Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Brain Sci. 2022 Feb 19;12(2):288. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12020288. PMID: 35204051; PMCID: PMC8870087 –
7. Demaria F, Pontillo M, Tata MC, Gargiullo P, Mancini F, Vicari S. Psychoeducation focused on family accommodation: a practical intervention for parents of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ital J Pediatr. 2021 Nov 6;47(1):224. doi: 10.1186/s13052-021-01177-3. PMID: 34742338; PMCID: PMC8572476.
8. Esnafoğlu E, Yaman E. Vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Aug;254:232-237. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.032. Epub 2017 Apr 21. PMID: 28477545.
9. Freedman DE, Richter MA. A narrative review of exercise and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 Jul-Aug;71:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.03.014. Epub 2021 Apr 2. PMID: 33887525.
10. Gkiouleka M, Stavraki C, Sergentanis TN, Vassilakou T. Orthorexia Nervosa in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Literature Review. Children (Basel). 2022;9(3):365. Published 2022 Mar 4. doi:10.3390/children9030365
11. Grünblatt E. Genetics of OCD and Related Disorders; Searching for Shared Factors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;49:1-16. doi: 10.1007/7854_2020_194. PMID: 33547599.
12. Guangjun Ji G, Wei W, Yue KC, Li H, Shi LJ, Ma JD, He CY, Zhou SS, Zhao Z, Lou T, Cheng J, Yang SC, Hu XZ. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Among University Students: Prospective Cohort Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Sep 30;22(9):e21915. doi: 10.2196/21915. PMID: 32931444; PMCID: PMC7528732.
13. Halvaiepour Z, Nosratabadi M, Khanzadeh M. External criticism by parents and obsessive beliefs in adolescents in Iran: the mediating role of emotional self-regulation. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2016 Jun 14;29(6):/j/ijamh.2017.29.issue-6/ijamh-2016-0016/ijamh-2016-0016.xml. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0016. PMID: 27299199.
14. Hanna GL, Liu Y, Isaacs YE, Ayoub AM, Brosius A, Salander Z, Arnold PD, Gehring WJ. Error-related brain activity in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2018 Aug;35(8):752-760. doi: 10.1002/da.22767. Epub 2018 May 7. PMID: 29734494; PMCID: PMC6105517.
15. Hezel DM, McNally RJ. A Theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol. 2016 Dec;121(Pt B):221-232. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.012. Epub 2015 Nov 24. PMID: 26594019.
16. Ivarsson T, Larsson B. Sleep problems as reported by parents in Swedish children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), child psychiatric outpatients and school children. Nord J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;63(6):480-4. doi: 10.3109/08039480903075200. PMID: 19958257.
17. Jones PJ, Mair P, Riemann BC, Mugno BL, McNally RJ. A network perspective on comorbid depression in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2018 Jan;53:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.008. Epub 2017 Nov 2. PMID: 29125957.
18. Khan YS, Jouda M, Albobali Y, Osman Abouelseoud M, Souid A, AlMeraisi MJ, Alabdulla M. COVID-19 pandemic fears and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents with pre-existing mental disorders: An exploratory cross-sectional study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022 Jan;27(1):89-103. doi: 10.1177/13591045211017606. Epub 2021 May 28. PMID: 34049450; PMCID: PMC8814615.
19. Klawohn J, Hajcak G, Amir N, Kathmann N, Riesel A. Application of attentional bias modification training to modulate hyperactive error-monitoring in OCD. Int J Psychophysiol. 2020 Oct;156:79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.07.005. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32711018.
20. Kotapati VP, Khan AM, Dar S, Begum G, Bachu R, Adnan M, Zubair A, Ahmed RA. The Effectiveness of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adolescents and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2019 Aug 6;10:523. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00523. PMID: 31447707; PMCID: PMC6691487.
21. Krebs G, Heyman I. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2015 May;100(5):495-9. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306934. Epub 2014 Nov 14. PMID: 25398447; PMCID: PMC4413836.
22. Liakopoulou M. [Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents and its continuation throughout life]. Psychiatriki. 2012 Jun;23 Suppl 1:101-6. Greek, Modern. PMID: 22796979.
23. Miniksar DY, Özdemir M. Sleep quality in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorders. Nord J Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;75(1):25-30. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1785005. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PMID: 32646260.
24. Nabinger de Diaz NA, Farrell LJ, Waters AM, Donovan C, McConnell HW. Sleep-Related Problems in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Intensive Exposure Therapy. Behav Ther. 2019 May;50(3):608-620. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.09.008. Epub 2018 Sep 28. PMID: 31030877.
25. Schwartz-Lifshitz M, Basel D, Lang C, Hertz-Palmor N, Dekel I, Zohar J, Gothelf D. Obsessive compulsive symptoms severity among children and adolescents during COVID-19 first wave in Israel‏. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2021 Jan;28:100610. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100610. Epub 2020 Dec 2. PMID: 33288995; PMCID: PMC7709811.
26. Segalàs C, Labad J, Salvat-Pujol N, Real E, Alonso P, Bertolín S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Soriano-Mas C, Monasterio C, Menchón JM, Soria V. Sleep disturbances in obsessive-compulsive disorder: influence of depression symptoms and trait anxiety. BMC Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 14;21(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03038-z. PMID: 33446149; PMCID: PMC7809865.
27. Tanir Y, Karayagmurlu A, Kaya İ, Kaynar TB, Türkmen G, Dambasan BN, Meral Y, Coşkun M. Exacerbation of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2020 Nov;293:113363. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113363. Epub 2020 Aug 3. PMID: 32798931; PMCID: PMC7837048.
28. Tao Y, Li H, Li L, Zhang H, Xu H, Zhang H, Zou S, Deng F, Huang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Tang X, Fu X, Yin L. Comparing the efficacy of pharmacological and psychological treatment, alone and in combination, in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Apr;148:95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.057. Epub 2022 Jan 29. PMID: 35121274.
29. Wang YR, Chang SH, Ma XM, Li JY, Zhang RX, Fang JQ. Correlational research on facial and clinical characteristics of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 11;21(1):623. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03612-5. PMID: 34895185; PMCID: PMC8666025.
30. Yazici KU, Percinel Yazici I, Ustundag B. Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;72(3):173-178. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1406985. Epub 2017 Nov 23. PMID: 29168423.
31. Yazici KU, Yazici IP. Decreased theory of mind skills, increased emotion dysregulation and insight levels in adolescents diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2019 Oct;73(7):462-469. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1652341. Epub 2019 Aug 12. PMID: 31403840.