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The study is conducted to explore possible utilization of cow urine and understanding complete biochemical compounds involved in possible therapeutic applications of cow urine therapy which was used from ancient times. In the present experiment inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods was used to analyze the complete mineral and compound detection. The test conducted using MTT method using human cancer A549, Hep-G2, MCF-7, Jurkat and K562 cell lines as part of the in vitro preclinical characterization of Cow urine extracted Curcumin and pure Curcumin compounds and compared against positive control Sodium lauryl Sulphate (SLS). More than 100% increment in cell killing at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml recorded in the cell line for the cow urine extracted Curcumin and less than 70% for the pure Curcumin. Positive control SLS exhibited nearly 100% of killing cells.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem all over the world. Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV worldwide (17-26%) with subsequent high morbidity from chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Matrix metalloproteinase are proteolytic enzymes that play a role in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) which is necessary for invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. The present work was designed to study the relationship between HCV infection and circulating MMP-2 level in chronic HCV patients (either without or with hepatic complication) and compared to that of non- HCV cirrhotic patients as well as healthy controls, in order to clarify the role of HCV in changing microenvironment and underlying mechanisms associated with dissemination of malignancy. The level of MMP-2 was estimated in sera collected at different stages of HCV infections as well as in ascetic fluids collected from those developing either HCC or cirrhosis. Statistical analysis of their results revealed that MMP-2 levels were significantly elevated in all patient groups as compared to healthy controls. The level of MMP-2 in HCV patients with HCC was significantly elevated when compared to other HCV patients. Meanwhile MMP-2 in ascetic fluids of cirrhotic patients were similar to that detected in their sera, while in HCC patients there were 2.4 times elevations in serum level of MMP-2 as compared to that in ascetic fluids. These results revealed that HCV infection is not only responsible for biochemical and hematological abnormalities recorded at chronic stages of infection but also creating a microenvironmental change by enhancing MMP-2 release, which effect on infected cell by obliging them to modify their phenotype in order to survive, thus increasing the invasion potential and facilitate tumor progression.

Recently, single crarrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) has drawn great attention in wireless communications due to its low peak-to-average power ratio and low sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets. The aim of this paper is to investigate and test the wireless image transmission over SC-FDMA with consideration of different basis functions, different modulation schemes and different subcarriers mapping schemes. Several experiments are carried out and the obtained results show that the wireless images transmission over SC-FDMA systems is possible efficiently. Simulation results also show that the interleaved systems significantly improve the clarity of the received image and their performances are better than that of the localized systems irrespective of the wireless channel or the modulation scheme used. Moreover, the results show that the discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based SC-FDMA (DCT-SC-FDMA) and discrete sine transform (DST)-based SC-FDMA (DST-SC-FDMA) system achieve better performance than the conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based SC-FDMA (DFT-SC-FDMA) system in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) values.

In the traditional multi-commodity transmission networks, the number of paths each commodity can use is unrestricted, and the commodities can use arbitrary number of paths to transmit the flow. However, in the real transmission networks, too many paths will increase the total transmission cost of the network and also cause difficulties in the management of the network. In 2002, Baier[1] proposed the-splittable flow problem, in which each commodity can only use a limited number of paths to transmit the flow. In this paper, we study the-splittable multi-commodity transmission flow problem with the objective of minimizing congestion and cost. We propose an approximation algorithm with performance ratio for congestion and cost in the single-source case, in which is the minimum value of the number of paths each commodity can use. The congestion reflects the total load of the network to some extent. The main aim of minimizing congestion is to distribute the demands of the commodities on the network in a balanced way, avoiding the case that some edge is used too much. By this way, the performance of the network as a whole can be guaranteed and more commodities can be served.

In this paper, we apply the statistics of the fractional moments (SFM) and discrete geometrical sets/invariants (DGI) for explain of the temporal evolution of the electrochemical background. For analysis of this phenomenon, we apply the internal correlation factor (ICF) and proved that integral curves expressed in the form of voltammograms (VAGs) are more sensitive in comparison with their derivatives. For analysis of the VAGs (integral curves), we propose the set of the quantitative parameters that form the invariant DGI curves of the second and the fourth orders, correspondingly. The method of their calculation based on the generalization of the well-known Pythagor’s theorem is described. The quantitative parameters that determine these DGI allow monitoring the background of the electrochemical solution covering the period of 1-1000 measurements for two types of electrode (Pt and C) and notice the specific peculiarities that characterize each electrode material. The total set of 1000 measurements was divided on 9 parts (1-100, 101-200, 201-300, …, 901-1000) and the duration of each hundred set was 1300 sec. The proposed algorithm is sensitive and has a “universal” character. It can be applied for a wide set of random curves (experimental measurements) that are needed to be compared in terms of a limited number of the integer moments. The qualitative peculiarities of the background behavior for two types of electrodes (Pt and C) based on the DGI can be explained quantitatively.

The cloud is a computing model used by many consumers which include individuals and organizations for data storage which hitherto demands that adequate security measures be put in place to protect the confidentiality and integrity of that information. In cases where these security measures are inefficient or in some cases non-existent, client data is prone to a number of unauthorized violations which include breach of privacy, loss of data, compromised data integrity, and data manipulation among others. This therefore necessitates the demand for efficient security measures. Encryption is a security technique adopted by many for data protection which entails concealing the information content of a message in a way that only the intended recipient can make use of it. This research paper discusses the concept of encryption, a review of different encryption schemes that have been discussed over the years, and proposes a one-time pad encryption (OTP) algorithm (FAPE’s OTP). FAPE’s OTP implements the one time pad using a key expansion process that transforms a 512 bit key to the length of the plaintext. This research was carried out through a comprehensive study of encryption and cloud processes to understand both concepts independently and determine how they can be interleaved while sustaining optimum delivery. Furthermore, our findings indicate that FAPE’s OTP has a faster speed of operation in comparison to the Advanced Encryption Standard.

The aim of present study is to optimize the conditions of Berberine extraction from roots of Berberis Aristata by Microwave assisted subcritical water extraction (MASCW).MASCW method of extraction had shown reproducibility in respect to time, solvent usage, yield and extraction repeatability. Isoquinone Berberine, is one of the wide spread representatives belonging to family of protoberberine alkaloids abundantly present in roots and stem parts of Indian barberry. The subcritical factors like time, solvent/meal ratio, extraction repeatability, size of particles and temperature were investigated and were in accordance with experimental data and predicted data. Harmony search Algorithm (HSA) was used to study the effect of five subcritical parameters on the yield of Berberine .The extraction of berberine from roots of Berberis aristata was carried at 110-1700C using MASCW method using different variations of five subcritical parameters. The results show that all five factors (Time, Temperature, size of particles, repeatability of extraction and sample/liquid Ratio) have statistically significant effects on the berberine concentration. The results had suggested that experimental data concentration, 223.82 µg/ml and predicted data concentration, 214.854 µg/ml of berberine are in significant correlation at subcritical parameters like temperature 1700C, particle size of 0.65 mm, time of 70 mins, solvent/meal ratio of 12 and at maximum three repetitions. Thus the extracted berberine was precipitated as berberine hydrochloride by acid and further evaluated for NMR structural studies which confirms with standard berberine hydrochloride.

The study explored the effectiveness of hand washing (hw) education on primary school pupils in Nkanu West LGA of Enugu state. Comparison group pretest-posttestdesign was utilized to execute the study. The population for the study was 9746 pupils. The samplefor the study was 48 pupils made up of 23 and 25 intact primary 5 classes from two separate schools. The instrument utilized for data collection was a 10-item hw achievement multiple-choice test (HaWaT) adapted from hw testdeveloped by Massachusetts Department of Public Health Division of Epidemiology and Immunization-MDPHDEI (2000). The HaWaT had sections A and B that sought data on knowledge and skills of hw respectively. The face and content validity of the instrument was established through the judgment of three expertsin health education, psychology and measurement/evaluation. The instrument was pilot tested in a school in the LGA that was different from the schools selected for this study using a test-retest method. The resultant data were correlated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and it yielded a reliability coefficient of .78. Kuder-Richardson formula 20 was utilized to determine its internal consistency and it yielded a reliability index of .71. Data that were generated from the pre and posttest were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics of mean (x ̅) and standard deviation (SD) were used to answer the research questions while ANOVA was used to verify the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The majorfindingsfrom the study showed that the mean achievement gain on: knowledge of hw of the intervention group (x ̅=10.87%) was higher than the comparison group (x ̅=.08%); skills of hw of the intervention group (x ̅=12.81%) was greater than the comparison group (x ̅=4.40%). Additionally, the ANOVA test showed that null hypothesis one which stated that there was no significance difference between experimental and comparison…

There is a current surge in designing expert systems to solve problems like humans in different domains of research but there presently exist dearth of models that can guide designers of expert systems that can be used to accurately diagnose Soya beans diseases. Soya bean is a leguminous plant that is commonly grown in sub Saharan region and it is currently one of the legumes with high Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Nigerian economy, but farmers of this product are faced with serious challenges from legume ravaging diseases that are usually similar in symptoms and very difficult to diagnose by the few practising botanist available. Most models available cannot be used to guide designers who are interested in developing secured and reliable expert systems that can accurately classify, identify, diagnose and recommend treatments for Soya beans diseases. The main aim of this paper is to review existing models that are currently being used in designing expert systems and identify their limitations in other to come up with a better, more reliable and secured model. In other to identify inherent gaps from other models, research review method was adopted to critically investigate the weak points in few related and current expert models for classifying and diagnosing legumes diseases.

Purpose of this paper – This study aims to contribute to the debate in service marketing literature concerning the operationalisation of service quality measurement. To this effect, we tested two service quality measurement models by adapting them to the audit service context. These models are the gap model (SERVQUAL) developed by Parasuraman, Berry, and Zeithaml (1985) and the performance-only (SERVPERF) model developed by Cronin and Taylor (1992). Design/methodology/approach – The models are quantitatively analysed and evaluated for construct validity and predictive power using OLS models. In line with marketing literature (Gronroos 1984), service quality dimensions are classified into technical and functional dimensions. Construct validity is measured in terms of whether the technical and functional dimensions of audit service quality are significantly positively correlated with an overall measure of service quality in the audit service market. Predictive power is measured in terms of the strength of adjusted R2. Findings – The results indicate that both the performance-only model and the gap model have done quite well in predicting determinants of overall audit quality. The argument by Cronin and Taylor (1992) that the gap model has low explanatory power compared to the performance-only model did not materialise in our study. Research limitations/implications – Our results are limited by the low response rate that did not allow us to conduct factor analysis on all the functional and technical variables at the same time. What is original/value of paper – The paper shows that the service marketing models for the measurement of quality would be improved when core outcome (technical) variables are incorporated.