Pediatric Research and Reviews

Background: People with ataxia cannot adjust the direction and intensity of movements due to poor voluntary muscle control and the lack of voluntary or reflexive muscle contraction necessary to improve position or posture problems. Ataxia is one of the main symptoms of cerebellar disorder. Most patients with cerebellar ataxia experience ataxia-related difficulties in performing activities of daily living. Exercise has positive effects on ataxia and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Balance exercises, walking exercises, muscle-strengthening exercises, activities of daily living exercises, torso weighting, etc., were reported to improve ataxia, gait capacity, and ability to perform activities of daily living in adults (including older people) with cerebellar ataxia. However, not much has been still done to clarify the effect of exercise on ataxia and the ability of children with cerebellar ataxia to perform activities of daily living. Objective: This review mainly aimed to add to existing knowledge and reveal the relationship between exercise and ataxia and the ability of children with cerebellum-related ataxia to perform activities of daily living. Results: Walking exercises, balance exercises, muscle-strengthening exercises, video games, tracking tasks, core stability exercises, and hippotherapy could improve ataxia, gross motor skills, and the ability of these children to perform activities of daily living. Conclusion: Given the lack of reports, studies are needed to clarify how exercise affects ataxia, gross motor skills, and the ability of children with cerebellar ataxia to perform activities of daily living.

Introduction: Sensory Integration is a neurological process that organizes and integrates sensory information in an appropriate way, causing the body to produce adaptive responses. Ayres created the theory and the Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) to study this brain function and the learning disorders in children that he faced in his professional practice. Objective: To analyze, through a literature review, the benefits of Sensory Integration Therapy in assisting the development of the Child Population. Methods: Searches were made in the BVS, LILACS and Scielo databases, including articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish and excluding theses, dissertations, monographs and repeated articles. After analyzing the articles, 13 of them were selected to compose the present results. Results: After the Sensory Integration Therapy, children started to have better communication, writing and articulation of words, in addition to better social interaction with their own family and with other children. The use of Therapy was seen in contexts of food selectivity and autism, helping the child to identify and organize the information and stimuli received, also influencing the Daily Living Activities such as eating, dressing and cleaning. Conclusion: Sensory Integration Therapy has been increasingly used and required of occupational therapists, to assist the child population for the benefits generated by this approach such as improvement in ADLs and social participation.

Most reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children aged

Introduction: Most diseases transmitted by food contaminated by protozoa and/or helminths are originated from food improper handling. This fact is related to poor hygiene conditions in the food handling environment or the practices of food handlers. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify parasitic diseases in food handlers, as well as the risk of transmission to school-aged children. Methods: This is a literature review accomplished through researchers in Pubmed, Academic OneFile, SciELO and Google Scholar. The review comprised 40 articles published in the period from 2009 to 2019. In order effect the review, were included in this study literature reviews and original articles, identified in the aforementioned databases and which met the inclusion criteria: having their publication in indexed journals, articles with abstracts and full texts available online, articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish in the last ten years. Studies whose year of publication was less than 2009 were excluded. Results: Enteroparasitosis are a serious public health problem that affects the world population. This fact is mainly related to the ingestion of contaminated food, having a direct connection with those who handle it. Conclusion: Therefore, food handlers have an important role in the transmissibility of diseases and food security.

Objectives: Determinate which children are more likely to die due to infectious and parasitic diseases in order to indicate which groups require more attention from the health system. Methods: Data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) by the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) regarding deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases were collected. All records by year and region of death and race and sex of children between 0 and 19 years were considered. Results: In the 5 years, 14,659 infant deaths due to infectious and parasitic diseases were recorded in Brazil, an average of 2,931.8 (± 323.8) per year. There is a 19.5% reduction between 2018 and 2014, that is, 5 years. The highest concentration of records is in the Northeast region, close to Southeast, with 33.2% and 32.4% respectively. Children under 1 year old are majority, with 52.1% while 5 to 9 years old are minority, 7.2%. As for sex, there is a small difference, 54.8% of the records are male. Most children are brow, 49.7%, followed by white, with considerably less, 34%. Conclusions: Brown children, under 1 year old and residents of the Northeast or Southeast are, according to statistics, more prone to fatal outcome of infectious and parasitic diseases. From this profile, it can be inferred that race and age are determining factors for child survival. Measures such as guidance to parents during prenatal care on preventing infections and parasites should be instituted, as well as childcare control and child vaccination in primary care.

Jordan is one of the earliest countries that took a very strict approach to contain COVID-19 pandemic by declaring a country lock down. Our neonatal intensive care unit is a level three 30 beds unit. The shortage of neonatal nurses, doctors, and of respiratory support devices are the major existing challenges. During COVID-19 pandemic, those two issues were magnified. This paper will shortly discuss the measures taken as a preparedness for COVID-19 Pandemic in our unit. Team development and work schedule: The medical knowledge about COVID-19 was foggy, however; teamwork is the only ev-ident thing. Our team included, the neonatologists, pediatric intensivist, pediatric pul-monologists, in addition to the infectious disease specialist. The team also included three of our senior residents, and the neonatal unit head nurse. To enhance communication, we created a WhatsApp group (Peds COVID -19). Among this group, unidentified Patients’ information, in addition to recent publications and sci-entific opinions, were shared. Meeting with the obstetric department was done to famil-iarize both teams with the measures taken on both sides. The neonatal care is provided by two neonatologists. The in-house care providers are the pediatric residents. Senior residents are well-trained on neonatal resuscitation, endotra-cheal intubation, and umbilical venous catheterization. During COVID-19 lock down, residents were split into separate teams. Neonatal team, the pediatric floor team, and the emergency room team, each team had their sleeping room and lounges. The consultants did rounds daily, the in-house team consisted of two senior residents, and a junior resident. they did a 24-hour shift every four days and are off duty for the next three days. Regarding the nursing staff schedule, their work schedule changed from an 8- hour shift to a 12- hour shifts schedule. The aim was to promote staff well-being, minimize the number of staff who could potentially be exposed…

We have been hearing for centuries that ‘fever is not a disease but a symptom’. Physicians say that fever is a symptom of diseases like flu to cancer. The conservative fever definition, diagnosis, and treatments are based on fever as a symptom. All the studies related to fever as a symptom of a disease have been done without knowing the Purpose of the temperature of fever is. In the current COVID -19 epidemic situation, it has great importance. Because Fever is considered as an important part of Corona disease. Not knowing the purpose of temperature of fever, how can fever included as a symptom in COVID -19? What is the symptom in COVID -19 according to symptom definition? In COVID -19 up to 80% of patients have no fever. Why up to 80% of patients with the COVID -19 virus have no fever? Is it because there is no need for the care of fever or is it because the disease is free of symptoms? Without knowing the Purpose of the temperature of fever, how can fever included in the symptom definition? Any evidence to establish that fever is a symptom in COVID -19? Is temperature between 38o to 41o centigrade can be symptom of a disease? Most of the diseases may not have fever. Sometimes it disappears. Then, is fever a symptom of which disease? Is fever a symptom? what are the scientific criteria or parameters necessary for a Symptom? What we will do to prove a symptom? Symptom Definition? What is the use of Symptom Definition? As with any or all other definitions, symptom definition should describe the symptom scientifically. If it cannot describe clearly, there is no use of a symptom definition.

Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the reliability of respiratory rate obtained by a non-contact technology with respect to a medically validated monitor among preterm babies. Design: This observational study compared the respiratory rates from raybaby’s non-contact technology and FDA approved Earlysense unit for the same instants of time through 760 hours of monitoring. 18 preterm babies in the NICU of a paediatric specialty hospital in India were considered for the study. The raybaby device was installed in front of the incubator and the contact-free FDA approved device was placed below the mattress of the incubator. The Respiratory Rate monitored was displayed on the device’s monitoring screen. Respiratory rates from both devices were compared to calculate the agreement between the values. Correlation, Accuracy, Hit Percentage and Fit Curves for the non-contact technology of raybaby with respect to the clinically certified device. Results: With 760 hours of monitoring, 37404 breathing instances were analysed. This yielded an accuracy of 98%. 95% of the data points fell within the +/- 5 units error range which is usually followed by medical devices. Conclusions: Raybaby uses a non-contact technology for monitoring Respiratory Rate. The average breathing rate observed was 33 to 43 breaths per minute, which falls within the breathing range of 30-60 breaths per minute. From the 37404 data points analysed, raybaby® establishes further proof for the breathing range and trend found in babies. The accuracy of non-contact technology for respiratory monitoring establishes great potential for making health monitoring less intrusive and efficient for use. This renders the technology as a hopeful tool for respiratory monitoring to deploy at observation units during the pandemic.

Psychoanalysis and its application in the biological area. The area of Psychology already presents a lot of research in the context, looking for artificial and laboratory situations; however, the importance of contextual analysis of the individual as a whole, of their daily activities and, from this, the understanding of their perceptions. Through psychoanalysis it is possible to observe widely the subject as a whole, not focusing on the presence of organic or genetic disorders, Ansermet (2003) addresses this problem by stating that “We cannot see the subject only as someone who manifests an organic or mental defect, according to the logic of disability”. The systems that compose and organize the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner (1996), are constituted by the fitting of concentric structures called microsystem, what presents itself as the most active and direct contact environments, such as family, school or social work relationships; mesosystem referring to two or more environments of active social participation; exosystem, understood as environments that influence events that take place in the immediate environment of social relationship; and macrosystem, which comprise, in addition to the behavior of individuals, the connections between other people, the nature of bonds and the direct or indirect influence on the developing individual in the contexts in which they live and act actively. The use of psychoanalysis as a tool to decipher possible mental disorders has become essential, since it is intrinsically linked to the biological look for the diagnosis of a patient. Autism, attention deficit disorder, depression and hyperactivity (ADHD), among other diseases that can be diagnosed during childhood or late they are psychosocial disorders that have their diagnoses complemented by psychoanalysis. In this way, it is possible to perceive the challenges that psychoanalysis faces in terms of complementing the diagnosis of mental disorders in children, as well as the…

The Pandemic of SARS COV 2 popularly known as ‘Corona Virus19’ has affected 213 countries and territories around the world since the beginning of year 2020. All the countries have focused their attention acutely on the higher fatality rate the virus has caused among the elderly and launched a scientific enquiry on why children have emerged relatively unaffected. This pandemic has already amplified existing social fractures and inequalities and it is expected that all most all countries may take 5-10 years to return to their socio-economic status of 2019. Most importantly people are losing trust in healthcare system. As the Global tally of cases crosses 28 million cases and nearly 0.9 million deaths on 10th September 2020, with the highest daily case of 300,683 on 4 September 2020 and deaths of 8513 on 17 April 2020. However, the proportion or absolute number of cases and deaths in children is not readily available at Global, National, or even at local levels. In the beginning it was estimated that the children under 14 years contributed less than 0.5% and therefore the Children were not the face of this pandemic. The sub-national data in states reporting desegregated data in USA and India indicate that the children contribute between 0.1% to 10% in the recent weeks. The pandemic of COVID-19 initially appeared to cause only a mild illness in children and immediate health impact, or mortality rates were not alarming. A few weeks following the peak of COVID-19 epidemic in the US and the European Union, a novel systemic illness called Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been reported with devastating effect. Most importantly children’s risk being among its biggest victims, their lives are being changed in profound ways. What has escaped our attention is the long-term damage the cascading effect of COVID-19…