Stroke Survivors’ Preference of Herbal Center to Hospital

Stroke Survivors’ Preference of Herbal Center to Hospital

Florence O. Okoro^1,2**, Chidinma O. Nwoha^2,3, Nkeiru C. Ogoko², Emmanuel C. Nwoha^2,4, Chibundu C. Amadi^2,5, Peace N. Nwoha^2,6, Ifeoma H. Okpara^2’7, Nnenna Chinagozi-Amanze^2,8, Catherine Wali^2,9, Ebere Dike^2,10, Polycarp U. Nwoha^2,11*

¹School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at  Charlotte, USA; ²Centre for Scientific Investigations and Training, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; ³Health Centre, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria; ⁴Bucks New University, Alexandra Road, High Wycombe, United Kingdom; ⁵Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria; ⁶Celon Clinic, Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria; ⁷Liviashammah Hospitals Ltd, 5 Shammah Close, Abuja-Keffi Road, Maraba, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; ⁸St. Catherine’s Specialist Hospital Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; ⁹Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria;¹⁰Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; ¹¹Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Proceeding to hospital immediately stroke occurs is important for early intervention that would minimize the consequences of stroke. But most stroke patients in developing countries prefer herbal centers than hospital. Reasons for this attitude have not been established. Two well-trained assistants were used to interview 117 stroke survivors who attended Bebe Herbal Center (BHC), in Nigeria for at least two visits. The survivors self-reported their experiences in hospitals visited and at BHC.  Data obtained were analyzed using Independent t-test, Pearson’s chi-squared test, on SPSS package version 23. Significant value was set at p<0.05. Results showed the survivors comprised 48.7% males and 51.3% females, with mean age 63.98±10.41 years (range: 40-84 years). Following onset of stroke, 61.5% went firstly to hospital, 21.4% to traditional healing places, and 17.1% to BHC. Eventually all survivors went to BHC and 99.1% said they were satisfied with treatment received at BHC. Seventy-nine (68.1%) said they experienced substantial recovery under one month, 25.9% between 1-6 months. All the survivors who went firstly to hospitals said they received inadequate care from them. None of the hospitals they visited had CT or MRI equipment. Pearson’s chi-squared test showed that the impact of stroke had a significant difference between males and females regarding checking of blood pressure after stroke (χ2=7.62; df=3; P<0.05). The inadequate care received from hospitals and the early satisfactory recovery in BHC influence stroke patients in Nigeria to reject going to hospital.

Keywords: hospital, herbal center, stroke

Free Full-text PDF

How to cite this article:

Florence O. Okoro, Chidinma O. Nwoha, Nkeiru C. Ogoko, Emmanuel C. Nwoha, Chibundu C. Amadi, Peace N. Nwoha, Ifeoma H. Okpara, Nnenna Chinagozi-Amanze, Catherine Wali, Ebere Dike, Polycarp U. Nwoha. Stroke Survivors’ Preference of Herbal Center to Hospital.International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2022, 7:39. DOI: 10.28933/ijtcm-2021-11-1505

References:

1. Strong K, Mathers C, and Bonita C. (2007) Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 6:182-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474 – 4422 (07):70031-5.
2. Di Carlo A. (2009) Human and economic burden of stroke. Age and Ageing 38:4-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn282,.
3. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. (2006) Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001; systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367(9524):1747-1757).
4. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. (1997) Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: global burden of disease study. Lancet 349:1269, 1997.
5. Connor MD, Walker R, Modi R et al. (2007) Burden of stroke in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol 6:269-278
6. Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, et al. (2011) On behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Guideline for health care professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Journal of American Heart Association 42:227-276.
7. Mathers CD, Loncar D. (2006) Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease, 2002-2030: data sources, methods and results. Evidence and Information for Policy Working Paper. Geneva World Health Organization.
8. Walker R, Whiting D, Unwin N et al. (2010) Stroke incidence in rural and urban Tanzania: a prospective, community-based study. Lancet Neurol 9:786-792
9. Owolabi MO, Akarolo-Anthony S, Akinyemi R, et al. (2015) The burden of stroke in Africa: a glance at the present and a glimpse into the future. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 26:H3Africa Suppl: S27-S38
10. Ejimofor MC, Uthman OA, Maduka O, et al. (2017) Stroke survivors in Nigeria: a door-to-door survey from the Niger Delta region. Journal of Neurological Sciences 372:262-269
11. Akinyemi RO, Owolabi MO, Ihara M, et al. (2019) Stroke, cerebrovascular diseases and vascular cognitive improvement in Africa. Brain Res Bull 145:97-108.
12. Akinkugbe OO, Bademosi O, Osuntokun BO et al. (1979) Incidence of stroke in an African city. Results from stroke registry at Ibadan, Nigeria 1973-1975. Stroke 10:205-207.
13. GBD 2016 and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (2017) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 390:1211-59.
14. Feigin VL, Nguyen G, et al. (2018) Global regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Eng L Med 379:2429-2437.
15. Bravata DM, Wells CL, Gulanski B, et al. (2005) Racial disparities in stroke risk factors, Stroke 36:1507-1511.
16. Akinyemi AI, Isiugo-Abanihe UC. 2014 Demographic dynamics and development in Nigeria. Africa Population Studies 27:239-248. doi:10.11564/27-2-471.
17. The World Factbook. (2018) Central Intelligence Agency. www. Cia.gov.
18. Osuntokun BO. 1994 Epidemiology of stroke in blacks. Hypertens Res 17 Supp1:S1-S10.
19. Njoku C, Aduloju AB. (2006) Stroke in Sokoto, Nigeria. A five year retrospective study. Nig J Med 15:215-219.
20. Bwala SA. (1989) Stroke in a sub-Saharan Nigerian hospital – a retrospective study. Tropical Doctor 19:11-14.
21. Ogun SA, Adewole OO, Familoni OB, et al. (2000) Pattern of medical admission at Ogun State University Teaching Hospital – A three year review. W Afr J Med 19:304-307.
22. Ojini FI, Danesi MA. (2003) Pattern of neurological admissions at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 5:38-41.
23. Ogun SA, Ojini FI, Ogungbo B, et al. (2005) Stroke in South West Nigeria. A 10-year review. Stroke 36:1120-2.
24. Moser DK, Kimble LP, Alberts MJ, et al. (2006) Reducing delay in seeking treatment by patients with acute coronary syndrome and stroke. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on cardiovascular nursing and stroke council. Circulation 114:168-182.
25. Gonad M. (2001) Clinical thrombolysis in stroke. Thrombolysis 103:135-142.
26. Donkor ES, Owolabi MO, Bampoh P, et al. (2014) Community awareness of stroke in Accra, Ghana. BMC Public Health 14:196.
27. Alberts M, Bertels C, Dawson DV. (1990) An analysis of time of presentation after stroke. JAMA 263:65-68.
28. Barsan WG, Brott TG, Broderick JP, et al. (1993) Time of hospital presentation with acute stroke. Arch Intern Med 153:2558-2561.
29. Imam I, Olonrunfemi G. (2002) The profile of stroke in Nigeria’s federal capital territory. Trop Doc 32:209-12.
30. Wahab KW, Sani MV, Samalia AA, et al. (2007) Stroke at a tertiary medical institution in northern Nigeria: patients’ profile and predictors of outcome. Sahel Medical Journal 10(1):6 -10.
31. Wahab KW. (2008) The burden of stroke in Nigeria. International Journal of Stroke 3:290-292.
32. De Graft AA. (2007) Ghana’s neglected chronic disease epidemic: a developmental challenge. Ghana Med J 41:154-159.
33. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. (1995)Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333:1581-1587.
34. Nwoha PU, Obi AU, Okoro FO, et al. (2017) Characteristics of stroke attendants at Bebe Herbal Center. Journal of Environment Neuroscience & Biomedicine 4:1:396-406.
35. Nwoha PU, Okoro FO, Nwoha EC, et al. Sex, Knowledge and Attitude of Stroke Survivors Attending Bebe Herbal Center on Risk Factors Before and After Stroke. Stroke Research and Treatment 2021. Article ID 6695522, 8 pages, https://doi.orh/10.1155/2021/6695522.
36. Horner R, Cohen H, Blazer D. (2001) Accuracy of self-reported stroke among elderly veterans. Aging Ment Health 5:275-281.
37. Bergmann M, Jacobs E, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. (2004) Agreement of self-reported medical history: comparison of an in-person interview with self-administered questionnaire. Eur J Epidemiol 19:411-416.
38. 8Carter SE, R. Draijer, S. M. Holder, et al. (2018) Regular walking breaks prevent the decline in cerebral blood flow associated with prolonged sitting. J Appl Physiol 125:3:790-8
39. Perdomo SJ, Gibbs BB, Kowalsky RJ, et al. (2019) Effects of alternating standing and sitting compared to prolonged sitting on cerebrovascular hemodynamics. Sport Sci Health 15:2:375-83.
40. Wheeler MJ, Dunstan DW, Smith B, et al. (2019) Morning exercise mitigates the impact of prolonged sitting on cerebral blood flow in older adults. J Appl Physiol 26:4:1049 -55.
41. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. (2006) Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 113:e85-151.
42. World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe. 1996 The Stroke Council. Pan European Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management: Report, Helsingber, Sweden, November 8-10, 1995; Geneva Switzerland: WHO Publications.
43. R. Fogelholm, K. Murros, A. Rissanen and M. Ilmavita. (1996) Factors delaying hospital admission after acute stroke. Stroke 27:398-401.
44. Schroeder E, Wayne D, Morris D, et al. (2000) Determinants of use of emergency medical services in a population with stroke symptoms. Stroke 31:2591-2596.
45. Handschu R, Garling A, Heuschmann PU, et al. (2001) Acute stroke management in the local general hospital. Stroke 32:871-876.
46. Bell-Gam HI, A. Onwuchekwa A, Iyagba A. (2012) Improving stroke management through specialized stroke units in Nigeria: A situation review. The Nigerian Health Journal 2:31-34.
47. Ogbole GI, Owolabi MO, Ogun O et al. (2015) Time of presentation of stroke patients for CT imaging in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine 13:1:23-28.
48. Wahab KW, Sani MV, Samalia AA et al. (2007) Stroke at a tertiary medical institution in northern Nigeria: patients’ profile and predictors of outcome. Sahel Medical Journal 10:1:6 -10.
49. Leopoldino J, Fábio S, Fujikulima MM et al. (2003) Time of presentation of stroke patients in São Paulo Hospital. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr 61:2A, São Paulo.
50. Pandian JD, Sethi V, Dhillon R et al. (2005) Is intravenous thrombolysis feasible in a developing country? Cerebrovasc Dis 20:134- 136.
51. Allaoui A, Echchilali K, Moudatir M, et al. (2018) Etiologies des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques chez les jeunnes: apport de l’interniste. Pan Afr Med J 30.
52. Urimubenshi G, Cadihac DA, Kagwiza JN et al. (2018) Stroke care in Africa: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Stroke Medicine 13:8:797-805.
53. Ebrahim S, Harwood R. Stroke: Epidemiology, Evidence and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999
54. WHO Special Report. (1989) Stroke 1989: recommendations on stroke prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Stroke 20:1407-1431.
55. Onwuekwe IO, Adikaibe AE, Ohaegbulam SC et al. (2008) Stroke mimics – A study of CT images in Nigerian African Stroke Patients. J. Neurol Sci (Turk) 25:148-154.
56. Burton A. (2016) South Africa: stroke units out of the blue. Lancet Neurol 15:359-360.
57. Baartiema L, Otim M, G. Mnatzaganian G et al. (2017) Towards best practice in acute stroke care in Ghana: a survey of hospital services. BMC Health Serv Res 17:108.
58. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO et al. (1995) The effect of a stroke unit: reductions in mortality, discharge rate to nursing home, length of hospital stay, and cost: a community-based study. Stroke 26:1078 –1182.
59. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Solberg R et al. (1991) Benefit of a stroke unit: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 22:1026–1031.
60. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative systematic review of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 1997;314:1151–1159.
61. Birabi BN, Oke KI, Dienye PO, Okafor UC. 2012 Cost of burden of post stroke condition in Nigeria: A pilot study. Global Journal of Health Science 4:17-22.
62. Nicoletti A, Sofia V, Giuffrida S et al. (2003) Prevalence of stroke: door-to-door survey in rural Bolivia. Stroke 31:882-885.
63. O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L et al. (2010) Risk factors for ischemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): A case-control study. Lancet 376:112-123.
64. Delbari A, Salman RR, Tabatabaei SS et al. (2011) Stroke epidemiology and one-month fatality among urban population in Iran. Int J Stroke 6:195-200.
65. Danesi M, Okubadejo N, Ojini F. (2007) Prevalence of stroke in an urban, mixed-income community in Lagos, Nigeria. Neuroepidemiology 28:216-223.
66. Brenner DA, Zweifler RM, Gomez CR et al. (2010) Awareness, treatment, and control of vascular risk factors among stroke survivors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 19:311-320.
67. Samsa GP, Cohen SJ, Goldstein LB et al. (1997) Knowledge of risk factors among patients at increased risk for stroke. Stroke 28: 916-921.
68. Liu M, Wu B, Wang WZ, Lee LM (2007) Stroke in China: epidemiology, prevention and management strategies. Lancet Neurol 6:456-464.
69. Venketasubramanaian N, Lee XF, Wong KS, et al. (2015) The value of patient selection in demonstrating treatment effect in stroke recovery trials: lessons from the CHIMES study of MLC601 NeuroAid). J Evid Based Med 8:149-53.
70. Omran A. (1971) The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Memfund Q 149:509-538.
71. Nandigan K, Narayan SK, Elangovan S et al. (2003) Feasibility of acute thrombolytic therapy for stroke. Neurol India 51:470-473.
72. Massaro AR. (2006) Stroke in Brazil: a South American perspective. Int J Stroke 1:113-115.