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Objective: To investigate the renal and hepatic effect of methanol leaf extract of Lupinus arboreus using experimental rats. Methods: Three groups comprising five rats each were used. Group II and III received 50 and 100 mg/kg of extract respectively. Group I served as negative control and received only normal saline (5 ml/kg). All administration was done once daily for 28 days. Urea and creatinine for renal effect were determined using Quimica Clinica applicado (QCA Test Kit, Spain); while hepatic marker enzymes were evaluated using Assay Kits (Randox Laboratories Ltd., United Kingdom BT 294 QY). Histopathological evaluation was carried out using light microscopy. Student’s t-test, ANOVA and Turkey-Kramer test were employed to assess significance of difference due to administration of extract and the control. Results: Treatment with extract did not produce significantly (P>0.05) changes in the hepatic marker enzymes when compared with the control. The mean creatinine levels showed non-significantly (P>0.05) differences when compared with the control. At 100 mg/kg, the extract exhibited significantly (p

Irrigation is the controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through manmade systems to supply water requirements that are not satisfied by the rainfall. Crop irrigation is vital throughout the world in order to provide the world’s ever-growing populations with enough food. Many different irrigation methods from traditional to smart ones are used over worldwide, including: surface, sub-surface, sprinkler, drip, and advanced or smart to satisfy the plants thrust. In this paper efforts have been made to present the basics of different irrigation systems adapted by the Indian farmers to grow their crops.

Melon crop plays important roles in the farming system and in the nutritional diet and economic well-being of West African rural dwellers. However, there has been continuous decline in the melon yield in last two decades. Also, cultivation of melon is not without challenges like every other arable crop in southwest Nigeria. Hence, this paper focused on factors affecting melon (egusi) production in rural farming households of southwest, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting 108 respondents from twenty villages in three LGAs of Oyo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using interview guide and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that 80.10% of melon farmers were males and 87.04% were married with a mean age of 41 years. Many (47.20%) of the melon farmers did not have formal education while 36.10% attended primary school. The mean year of farming experiences was 16 years. The farmers cultivated melon seeds obtained from their previous harvest (81.0%) and purchase seeds from the open markets (19.0%). Melon output declined from 376.53kg/ha in 2012 to 280.70kg/ha in 2014. Result of regression analysis showed that production input and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents (t = 0.19) have significant influence on melon output at p < 0.05. The study concludes that melon yield is declining in the study area. Hence, it is recommends that extension agents should teach the melon farmers improved farming practices that can enhance higher productivity and better yield for sustainable melon production to be achieved in the study area.

Drug abuse has been associated with a number of cerebrovascular adverse effects, such as hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Heroin, cocaine and amphetamines are the most commonly abused substances but a systematic pathology study of their effects on human cerebral vessels has not been conducted to date. We present a post-mortem, comparative, pathology study on the brains of drug addicts and healthy controls. The aim of this study was to determine the pathological changes of the vascular lumen, vascular wall and perivascular areas observed in the post-mortem brain of drug addicts compared to those of non-drug addicts healthy controls.

Introduction: Symptomatic and Asymptomatic urinary tract infection in women is of great importance to determine the causal and treatment of bacteruria in young women which may lead to disease states. Aim: to determine the occurrence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women and its relationship with urinary tract infection Methods: A microbiological analysis of urine was done on 3600 young women in urban Benin metroplolis from July 2009 to July 2010, a total of 1105 microorganism were isolated from both Symptomatic and Asymptomatic young women. Results: From the 1105 isolates from the descending order of occurrences Escherichia coli, Kleibseilla spp, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus with Acinobacter spp with the least occurrence. Escherichia coli was the commonest cause of Asymptomatic urinary tract infection with 31.6 % and Acinectobacter sp 9.5% with the least occurrence of Asymptomatic urinary tract infections. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a rise in asymptomatic urinary tract infection amongst young women in Benin City.

This study aims to investigate the slime production of Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates by phenotypic method on Congo Red Agar plates (CRA) and Genotypic detection of icaA, icaD and mecA genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 105 milk samples obtained from clinical bovine mastitis, 101samples (96.2%) were positive for bacterial growth. CoNS isolates was detected in 20 isolates with a percentage of 19.8%. Their ability to form biofilm as one of the most important virulence factors of the organisms using Congo Red Agar (CRA) method was investigated in which 13 out of 17 CoNS isolates (76.47%) were found to be slime producers. By PCR, mecA gene was found in threeout of 6 CoNS isolates (50%). Also six (100%) and three (50%) isolates were positive for icaA gene and icaD gene, respectively. In addition one isolate out of the six CoNS isolates (16.67%) was positive for the presence of icaA, icaD and mecA genes and also has the ability to form biofilm. The in vitro activities of CoNS against 11 selected antimicrobial agents referred that the highest resistance rate of CoNS observed to Lincomycin (100%), followed by Cefotaxime (94.41%), Oxacillin (58.82%), Ampicillin (47.06%) and Penicillin (41.18%), while the highest rate of sensitivity observed to Enrofloxacin and Gentamicin (100%, for each), followed by Doxycycline (94.11%).Conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated the ability of CoNS isolated from bovine clinical mastitis to form biofilms. This must be considered as an alarming situation, and so attention must be paid toward implementation of new ways for effective prophylaxis, control, and treatment of such infections in the dairy farms. The prudent use of antibiotics and rapid and continuous screening for resistant microorganisms should be more focused to prevent the emergence and spread methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci, because these strains can cause…