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Ambulatory care pharmacy practice is defined as the provision of integrated, accessible healthcare services by pharmacists who are accountable for addressing medication needs, developing sustained partnerships with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. This is accomplished through direct patient care and medication management for ambulatory patients, long-term relationships, coordination of care, patient advocacy, wellness and health promotion, triage and referral, and patient education and self-management. The ambulatory care pharmacists may work in both an institutional and community-based clinic involved in direct care of a diverse patient population. A variety of specialty clinics are available for allergy and immunology, pulmonology, endocrinology, cardiology, nephrology, neurology, behavioral health, and infectious disease. Such services for this population may exist as a primary care clinic or an independent specialty clinic, typically in a PCMH, which is instrumental in coordinating care between various providers. Once a practice site is identified, it is important to establish a strong, trusting, and mutually beneficial relationship with the various decision-makers (e.g., administrators, providers) involved with the clinic. If pharmacy services are currently in existence, the pharmacy director may be able to identify and initially contact the appropriate person. If another pharmacist is providing clinical services, this person would be a resource to help determine areas for expansion of patient care and to whom to direct the proposed business plan. Additional individuals to consider as an initial point of contact include the clinic manager, clinic medical director, or administrative assistant to either of these persons. If the clinic setting is affiliated with a medical school, it may be necessary to contact the Department of Family Medicine head.

Medication-related problems are common among home care patients who take many medications and have complex medical histories and health problems. The goals of home health care services are to help individuals to improve function and live with greater independence; to promote the client’s optimal level of well-being; and to assist the patient to remain at home, avoiding hospitalization or admission to long-term care institutions. Home care is an arrangement of care given by gifted experts to patients in their homes under the heading of a doctor. Home medicinal services administrations incorporate nursing care; physical, word related, and discourse dialect treatment; and therapeutic social administrations. Doctors may allude patients for home social insurance administrations, or the administrations might be asked for by relatives or patients. The scope of home social insurance benefits a patient can get at home is boundless. Contingent upon the individual patient’s circumstance, care can extend from nursing care to specific therapeutic administrations, for example, research facility workups. Normal analyses among home social insurance patients incorporate circulatory infection, coronary illness, damage and harming, musculoskeletal and connective tissue sickness and respiratory malady.

Economic development is thus a multivariate concept; hence there is no single satisfactory definition of it. Development is conventionally measured as economic growth with level of development in the process of size of economy. A country’s economic health can usually be measured by looking at that country’s economic growth and development. Most of the economists clamored for dethronement of GNP and define development in terms of removal of poverty, illiteracy, disease and changes in the composition of input and output, increase in per capita output of material goods.

As indicated by World Bank publication Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty (third edition, 2017), about 20% all out health use universally originated from out-of-pocket payments in 2014. The equivalent was about 40% all out health use for low-income countries, 56% for lower-middle-income countries, and 30% for upper-middle-income countries (WHO, 2016). 33% of the world’s populace needs opportune access to quality-guaranteed medicines while assessments demonstrate that in any event 10% of medicine in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are substandard or distorted, costing roughly US$ 31 billion every year (Global Health, 2018). Shockingly, 80% of worldwide cardiovascular passings happen in LMICs which is (halfway) because of the absence of access to healthcare including talented HR, equipped offices and medicines (Global status report on noncommunicable diseases, WHO, 2010). Cost of drugs, antibodies, and diagnostics is a noteworthy weight in LMICs round the globe. Cost of biotech drugs are much higher because of surprising expense caused by the pharmaceutical organizations for clinical preliminary. Biotech drugs have totally changed the administration of a few diseases, including malignant growth and immune system diseases. Albeit essential yet their affordability is as yet a consuming issue, particularly in LMICs.

The most frequent causes of death in the United States and globally are chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, lung diseases, and diabetes. Behavioral factors, particularly tobacco use, diet and activity patterns, alcohol consumption, sexual behavior, and avoidable injuries are among the most prominent contributors to mortality. Projections of the global burden of disease for the next two decades include increases in noncommunicable diseases, high rates of tobacco-related deaths, and a dramatic rise in deaths from HIV/AIDS. Worldwide, the major causes of death by 2030 are expected to be HIV/AIDS, depressive disorders, and heart disease. At the same time, in many parts of the world, infectious diseases continue to pose grim threats, especially for the very young, the old, and those with compromised immune systems. Malaria, diarrheal diseases, and other infectious diseases, in addition to AIDS, are major health threats to the poorest people around the world. And, like chronic diseases, their trajectory may be influenced by the application of effective health behavior interventions. Substantial suffering, premature mortality, and medical costs can be avoided by positive changes in behavior at multiple levels. Most recently, there has been a renewed focus on public health infrastructure to plan for emergencies, including both human-made and natural disasters. During the past twenty years, there has been a dramatic increase in public, private, and professional interest in preventing disability and death through changes in lifestyle and participation in screening programs. Much of this interest in disease prevention and early detection has been stimulated by the epidemiological transition from infectious to chronic diseases as leading causes of death, the aging of the population, rapidly escalating health care costs, and data linking individual behaviors to increased risk of morbidity and mortality.

Sustainable management and resilience of ecosystems and their different services from land, water, biodiversity and forests has been highlighted as a means to address environmental degradation in Tanzania. On contrary, there is in adequate information to aid sustainable management of fragile natural resources such as Rufiji Delta. To address the limitation this research was carried out using Landsat data for appraising and simulating the future situation of Rufiji Delta using CA-Markov model. Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm in ERDAS Imagine software was used for Landsat image classification and accuracy assessment for year 1998, 2008 and 2018 while Ca-Markov model of IDRIS Selva software was used for quantification of LULC change and simulation, correspondingly. The classification results of four different study periods have depicted the quantity land use land cover status in year 1998, 2008 and 2018. In year 1998 the impervious land cover was the largest class with 53413.40 ha (35.74% composition), followed by water bodies with 42506.10 ha (28.44% composition) while mangrove forest and non-mangrove vegetation consisted of 38060.40 ha (25.47 % composition) and 15468.50 ha (10.35% composition), correspondingly. In year 2018 the impervious land cover increased to 60759.70 ha (40.66% composition) while mangrove forest and non-mangrove vegetation consisted of 35062.2 ha (23.46% composition) and 23019.2 ha (15.40% composition), correspondingly. Water bodies declined to 30607.10 ha (20.48% composition) following the consumption of water in hydro-electrical and agricultural expansion proximal to the Rufiji Delta. In year 2048 a notable decline to about 29757.07 ha, (18.91%), 34891.44 ha (21.35were recorded for mangrove forest and water bodies, correspondingly. The ongoing harvesting and clearing of mangrove forest for construction and other local use purpose. Substantial increase in area non-mangrove vegetation and impervious land cover was estimated to 22507.20 ha and 62292.84 ha, correspondingly. Agro afforestation, forestry farming, Agro-Zonation, adoption of AFOLU and LULCF programs…

There are around 60 global species belonging to the genus Sesbania which are commonly found to be grown in Africa, Australia, and Asia. The leaves of Sesbania grandiflora have been used in local traditional medicine since ancient times. Major chemical constituents are alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, anthraquinone, steroid, pholobatannins, and terpenoids. Isovestitol, medicarpin, sativan (isoflavonoids) and betulinic acid (tannin substance) are the major constituents responsible for antibacterial and antifungal, antioxidant, anti-urolithiatic, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic, and hepatoprotective properties. Also, the plant extract contains alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, triterpenoids, and sterols. All parts of S. grandiflora are used in traditional medicine and phytochemical investigations have been conducted on extracts of the leaves, seeds and roots of S. grandiflora to provide scientific validation of its properties.

In this study, we examined the challenges of modeling infectious diseases using tuberculosis (TB) as a case study. The tuberculosis and tuberculosis co-infected with Human Immuno Virus (HIV) is one of the common health problems in the world. Time-to-event outcomes are common data type in medical research. The data examined time until a patient is cured of the disease having some patients right censored. With the nature of the data, the appropriate analysis is survival analysis method. The study aims at fitting appropriate models to the TB and TB/HIV co-infection data examining age and gender as factors influencing the cure rate of the disease. Hence, Kaplan-Meier estimation, Cox PH and some parametric models were adopted in the study. The result shows that among the parametric models, generalized gamma fit TB data best and there is no significant difference in the survival rate of male and female while gamma fit TB co-infected with HIV best and there is a significant difference in the male and female patient. However, Cox PH model (having smaller AIC) performs better than all the parametric models considered (for both data) in this study though with the same conclusion.

The South African government of democracy have shown to prioritise the provision of low cost housing to poor communities. This paper critically investigates the perception of community members on the provision of low cost housing. The paper followed qualitative approach with an ethnographic research design and semi-structured interviews, as a result, the open ended questions were used as a tool for data collection. The snowball sampling was adopted as a procedure to sample the intended participants. The sample size of this paper was 36 participants and content analysis was used to analyse and categorise the data. The provision of low cost housing in South Africa was introduced with an intention to deal with racial inequalities created during apartheid period, while also addressing issues related to poor services delivery in local municipalities. Some of the indispensable facets of the findings expose that the local government is struggling to address the existence of bottlenecks in ensuring housing provision and the apparently cumulative demand of housing. The findings of the study found that the low cost housing beneficiaries were not involved during the processes of decision making and implementation phase of the projects. While political affiliation noted as an underlying factor that creates unfairness provision of low cost housing. Therefore, municipal officials through ward councillors and community leaders should play an essential role to facilitate smooth provision of low cost housing, while ensuring that the intervention reaches intended beneficiaries without unnecessary backlogs.

The World Bank’s Doing Business covers more than 190 economies. By 2019, China’s best ranking is 46. Against the background of the increasingly strong economic globalization, China’s reform must not only adapt to the national conditions, but also to the international standard, so as to create a good international reputation, attract more international investment and promote the sustained and high-speed development of the domestic economy while promoting the rapid improvement of the government’s own capabilities. Based on the assessment method and China’s coordinates of World Bank’s Doing Business as the starting point of logic analysis, this paper attempts to find out the reasons behind the ranking of China’s business environment and proposes targeted solutions based on the analysis framework of “actor-process”.