Recent Articles

The main provisions of hierarchical thermodynamics created on the basis of Gibbs thermodynamics are presented. The thermodynamic theory of the origin of life, its evolution and the aging of living beings is presented. The theory considers the change in the specific Gibbs function of the formation of structures of different hierarchies, that is, the change in the comparative stability of these structures in the course of their evolutionary transformations. The described approach should be considered structural kinetic thermodynamics, which allows us not to consider any kinetic mechanisms of processes in the evolution of various hierarchical structures. It is asserted that the principle of substance stability determines the direction of the processes of the origin of life and its evolutionary transformations. The thermodynamic theory of aging and thermodynamic nutrition allows predictions concerning healthy life and its duration. It is shown that hierarchical thermodynamics is the physical foundation of expanded Darwinism. All the conclusions and predictions of the theory are confirmed by numerous observations and experimental facts.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine and investigate the relationship also to know how leadership behaviors influence work effectiveness in private health sector Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Methodology:Questionnaire has been distributed among 250 employees working in private health sector Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Five private hospitals were selected as population and 250 as sample size for collecting data. The analysis through SPSS shows positive and strong relationship between variable. Findings: The findings show insignificant relations between D.V work effectiveness and I.V leadership task & people oriented behaviors in private health sector. Conclusion: The result explored from this study that leadership behaviors plays important role in work effectiveness however task oriented leadership behavior also show more effectiveness in health sector Jalalabad, Afghanistan.

The unified theory of physics is based on both symmetry physics and contrast physics to unify all physical laws and phenomena, all four fundamental forces, and all elementary particles. Conventional symmetry physics preserves the physical features of a system under transformation by a symmetry operator. In unconventional contrast physics, yin and yang constitute a binary yinyang system of contrary physical properties by yin and yang operators. The three fundamental symmetry operators transform the three fundamental yinyang systems (inclusiveness-exclusiveness, rest-movement, and composite-individual) into the unified theory of physics. In the inclusiveness-exclusiveness system, a particle is transformed into boson with inclusive occupation of position by the integer spin operator, while a particle is transformed into fermion with exclusive occupation of position by the ½ spin operator. The fundamental symmetry operator is supersymmetry to result in M-theory and cosmology. In the rest-movement system, a moving massless particle (kinetic energy) is transformed into a resting massive particle (rest mass) by the attachment space (denoted as 1) operator to explain the Higgs field, while a resting massive particle is transformed into a moving massless particle by the detachment space (denoted as 0) operator to explain the reverse Higgs field. The fundamental symmetry operator is the symmetrical combination of attachment space and detachment space to bring about the three space structures: binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, for wave-particle duality, binary miscible space, (1+0)n, for relativity, and binary lattice space, (1 0)n, for virtual particles in quantum field theory. In the composite-individual system, particles are transformed into fractional charge quark composite by the fractional electric charge operator, while particles are transformed into integral charge particle individuals by the integral electric charge operator. The fundamental symmetry operator is the symmetrical combination of quarks, leptons, and bosons to constitute the periodic table of elementary particles which calculates accurately the particle…

Consumed in diverse ways, including raw, as an ingredient in many dishes, sauces, salads and drinks, tomato is the edible, often red berry type fruit of the nightshade solanum lycopersicum commonly known as tomato plant. Extreme health disorders suffered as a result of insufficient vitamins, unbalanced diets and malnutrition have severe or may lead to severe health consequences or diseases in humans. Planning/attempts to resolve such health inbalances as bleeding from the gums, joint pains, low concentration of ascorbate in plasma, blood, or leukocytes, which is commonly attributed to scurvy, all rely on the knowledge of the concentration of vitamins in the diets of the patient. One cannot tell to what extent a feed is both nutritious and medicinal if some analysis are not carried out on the feed. This is why the assessment of vitamin C, phytochemical and proximate evaluations of commercial fruits, using tomato is necessary, so as to know their vitamin C percentages, which medicinal properties they possess and qualitatively, the different macro nutrients they contain. In the view of the problem above, the aim of this paper was to assess the concentration of ascorbic acid, medicinal and macronutrients in commercial fruit – tomato, carrying out significant calculations tilted toward achieving the right proportions of significant nutrient constituents in the samples of tomato.

The aim of present work was to develop and validate a simple, fast and reliable isocratic HPLC method for determination of raloxifene hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic Separation was achieved by using Agilent technologies model G4288A. Gradient HPLC-1120 , Compact low pressure binary Gradient Pump Consisting Of vacuum in built degasser unit non-PDA UV-vis detector equipped with a manual injection system with 50 uL loop and the eluted analytes for drug was traced by UV detection at 287nm. The method was found to be linear over a wide concentration range (0.1-20 µg/mL) with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9995. The LOD and LOQ were 21 and 63 ng/mL for RLX. These results indicate that method is sensitive enough for therapeutic assay. The % RSD values for three selected concentrations were found to be 0.14, 0.51 and 0.75% revealed the high system accuracy. The relative standard deviations (RSD) obtained at three concentrations (n = 6) in the range of 8-10 µg/mL was 0.016-0.018 % for the intraday assay and 0.016-0.024% for interday assay revealed good precision. The specificity was demonstrated that drugs were free of interference from potential impurities. % RSD, theoretical plates and Rmin were not significantly affected when the experimental parameters (such as flow rate, gradient program) were altered and thus concluded that the method was robust.

Gout also called as hyper uricemia. Gout is characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness and tenderness in joints, often the joint at the base of big toe. Gout is a condition that develops when Uric acid is not properly excreted from the blood through urine .Excess uric acid builds up in the body and when not removed by the kidneys, it deposits in the form of crystals in the joints, primarily in hands and feet and especially in the joint of big toe. The risk of developing gout increases as the Serum uric acid level rises [>7 mg/dl]. In our focus medicinal plants used to treat the gout for the reason in the allopathic system of medicine is not cure the disease of gout, its only controlled. So few medicinal plants we reviewed this paper.

Long-term streamflow forecasts are essential for optimal management of water resources for various demands, including irrigation, fisheries management, hydropower production and flood warning. In this paper, a probabilistic forecast framework based on Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique is presented, with the basic assumption that future weather patterns will reflect those experienced historically. Hence, past forcing data (input to hydrological model) can be used with the current initial condition of a catchment to generate an ensemble of flow predictions. The present study employs the ESP-based approach using the TopNet hydrological model. The objective of this present paper is to evaluate and assess the uncertainty due to initial condition of the catchments and forcing (meteorological input to the model) data for (ESP) based streamflow forecasting using the TopNet hydrological model in New Zealand catchments. An ensemble of streamflow predictions which provide probabilistic hydrological forecasts, reflecting the intrinsic uncertainty in climate, with lead time up to three months is presented for the four catchments on New Zealand’s South Island. Verification of the forecast over the period 2000-2010 indicates a Ranked Probability Skill Score of 23% to 69% (over climatology) across the four catchments. In general, improvement in ESP forecasting skill over climatology is greatest in summer for all catchments studied. The major uncertainty associated with ESP forecast is combination of uncertainty due to initial state and climate forcing. The analysis indicates that the sensitivity of flow forecast to initial condition uncertainty depends on the hydrological regime experienced by the basin during the forecast period. On average, the relative importance of initial condition is greatest within two weeks to months of the start of the simulation for all catchment and all season. After this time period uncertainty in forecast is mainly due to uncertainty in forcing data. Finding of this study can be valuable…

Background: Thyroid cancer is an internationally important health problem. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate whether significant changes in the thyroid tissue levels of Br, Cu, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn exist in the malignantly transformed thyroid. Methods: Thyroid tissue levels of six trace elements (Br, Cu, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn) were prospectively evaluated in 41 patients with thyroid malignant tumors and 105 healthy inhabitants. Measurements were performed using 109Cd radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for trace element analysis. Results: It was found that contents of Br, Cu, and Rb were significantly higher (approximately 10, 3.4, and 1.4 times, respectively) and content of Zn were slightly, but significantly, lower (25%) in cancerous tissues than in normal tissues. Conclusions: There are considerable changes in trace element contents in the malignantly transformed tissue of thyroid.

Zinc Bismuth nanoparticles with chemical composition of ZnBi2O4 is prepared by chemical citrate gel auto combustion method by using citric acid as fuel. The synthesized nano particles are sintered at different temperatures like 300OC, 400OC, 500OC, & 600OC for 4 hours in air medium. The single phase cubic structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, the average crystallite sizes of these samples are found to be in the order of 34 nm to 60 nm. The surface morphology of the samples is studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The EDS spectrum confirms the presence of Bismuth, Zinc and Oxygen without any precipitating cations. FT-IR spectroscopy confirms the formation of spinel structure, the average particle sizes of the samples are measured by using DLS technique.