International Journal of Archaeological Research

This letter details principles of fossilization that matter for the study of fossils in general, but with a preference for sites next to volcanic areas.

Villagization in the areas of Ethiopia began in the 1970’s and then the project took place in Mandura district of the Metekel area, North West Ethiopia in the 1980’s during Derg government. The program was practical in the district from 1986-87. The process of villagization and regrouping of communities from scattered homesteads into villages established at Dutch Alem Tsehay, Gumdia, Daffele, Dabhie, Anze Baguna, Kuter Hulet, Dukill, Babeistha and Mekesegene kebeles. Gumuz, Agew and Amhara were villagized communities in the district. But, the program was failed because of the lack of feasibly studies, deteriorating of security conditions and lack of supplying infrastructures for the newly villagized communities in the district.

The resettlement projects in Ethiopia have been carried out mainly as a response to extreme problems of drought, food insecurity, population growth and land degradation during the imperial and Derg regime in the 1960’s and 1980’s. The disastrous famine of 1984-85 brought equally disastrous response of Derg government which relocated peasants from famine affected north to the sparsely populated and unoccupied southwest of the country. One of the targeted areas to perform was the Metekel area called Pawie or Beles resettlement site along North Western Ethiopia, originally inhabited by the Gumuz shifting cultivators. The inadequately planned of the Pawie or Beles resettlement site from the 1984-85 was affected the relocated people and the indigenous Gumuz communities. This program resulted Gumuz communities clashed with state sponsored settlers. After a long time tension, the settlers and the host communities formed a bond of relationship known as Wadaj.

The study clarifies the relations of Nile Basin countries after independence. Nile Basin countries are Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Egypt, North and newly independent South Sudan. Members of the region are independent in history; politics, economy and geography but tie by the Nile River. Economy determined by the agriculture supported by Pastoralism and agro-Pastoralism among the member countries. Their political development of the region was biased by the colonization and the cold war. From the time when the end of colonization and the cold war, the Nile basin countries can be attained relations in history, politics, economy and geography through the use of Nile Basin Initiative which played a role to the possibilities for cooperation and smooth relations among Nile basin countries.

This corona disease was mentioned in Indian mythology a few thousand years ago, the article are explained the corona virus features, how it spreads, where and how to control it, mentioned Indian epics.

This paper entitled “History and Theory of Anthropology” deals with the historical background of anthropology from the very beginning up to its establishment as academic discipline. For this paper, I have reviewed some literatures related with history and theory of anthropology. Hence, anthropology’s history from ancient Greek historical and philosophical writings to 21st century and anthropological theories are chronologically included in this paper. Generally, the contribution of different scholars, event (like enlightenment) and colonialism in the emergence of anthropology are encompassed in this paper.