Surgical Research and Reviews

Background; S100B has been shown to be beneficial as a biomarker in the treatment of adults with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The efficacy of S100B as a biomarker in children, on the other hand, has been a subject of debate. Aim and objectives; was to assess the validity of Protein S 100B in Mild Pediatric Head trauma. Subjects and methods; this was a prospective study, included 160 pediatric patients with mild head trauma presented to Emergency Department. Result; A highly significant correlation between Positive S100B protein and traumatic brain injury with S100B protein value 1554.1±84.0 ng/L. A100 had cutoff value for positive CT Brain finding above 987.5 ng/L, The sensitivity was 81.0%, the specificity was 75%%, the NPV was 86%, the PPV was 68%, and overall accuracy 77%. There was none statistical significant difference regarding severity of brain injury and S100 B (P = 0.225), Conclusion; Serum S100B levels cannot be used to substitute clinical examinations or CT scans in identifying pediatric patients with mild head injuries, but they can be used to identify low-risk kids to avoid excessive radiation exposure.

The superficial musculoaponeurotic system is of fundamental importance in facial anatomy. One of its primary functions is to harmoniously integrate the facial mimic muscles by coordinating their movements with each other. The continuity of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system with the platysma also creates an effective unitary connection with the mandibular and cervical areas. For these areas, where the signs of aging are first shown with soft tissue ptosis and cervical bands, we propose our lower face-lift technique with SMAS-flap transposition. This technique is not characterized by the section of the aponeurosis at the earlobe or lower level and by its rotation, but it is characterized by an higher SMAS section at tragus level with transposition of the mobilized pre-parotid and platysma aponeurosis to the high mastoid area. This manoeuvrer allows us for an effective platysma extension-lift and for his secure fixation to the upper mastoid area, resulting in greater stability and duration of the treatment.

Conventionally TOS has been thought to represent a group of diverse disorders that result in compression of the neurovascular bundle exiting the thoracic outlet. Until recently, TOS classification has been based on symptoms, rather than the underlying pathology, with the subgroups consisting of neurogenic (NTOS), venous (VTOS or PSS), and arterial (ATOS). Neurogenic TOS accounts for over 95% of the cases, followed by venous (3–5%) and arterial (1–2%). Neurogenic TOS (NTOS) has been further divided into True NTOS (TNTOS) and Disputed NTOS (DNTOS), with DNTOS reportedly representing 95–99% of all neurogenic cases. In order to decrease confusion and to improve therapeutic results with TOS, the disease should be classified based on the underlying pathologic entity. Acquired and traumatic abnormalities of the clavicle and first rib should be classified separately. Clearly after the more common and objectively supported diagnoses of conditions that result in neurovascular symptoms of the upper extremity, such as cervical spine disease, carpal tunnel disease, and nerve entrapment syndromes, have been ruled out, there remains a group of patients who are suspected of having TOS. In these patients, rather than the more usual classification such as arterial, venous, or neurogenic, the more accurate approach from a diagnostic and therapeutic approach is to classify them as: Cervical Rib Disease: Patients with cervical rib syndrome (CRS) can have complications relating to compression of the subclavian artery (previously referred to as ATOS) and the brachial plexus(previously referred to as True NTOS) secondary to a well-formed cervical rib, or to an incompletely formed first rib, fibrous band associated with a rudimentary cervical rib, or a giant transverse process of C7. Thoracic Outlet Disease or “Subclavian Vein Compression Syndrome”: In these patients an abnormal first rib at its junction with the sternum results in compression of the subclavian vein at the subclavian-innominate junction….

Introduction: Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide and is often diagnosed in advanced stages. It is the 8th most common cancer in the world and is the 6th most common cause of cancer related deaths, having a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% despite advances in treatment. It has a poor prognosis due to the late diagnosis and the lack of early presenting symptoms. In the United States, stage IV is the most common stage at the time of diagnosis. Methods: Eighty-seven fit patients were recruited for this multi-institutional clinical prospective study in the period from the start of January 2014 to the end of December 2020, diagnosed as cancer esophagus in by endoscopic biopsy and underwent surgical treatment according to stage at the centers participating in this study. Results: In pre-operative biopsy, Adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 39/87 cases (44.8%) distributed as (5 in GEJ and 34 diagnosed in lower esophagus) while squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) diagnosed in 48/87 cases (55.2%) distributed as (28 in lower part, 10 in middle part and 9 in upper esophagus respectively) and only one case out of 87 cases diagnosed as undifferentiated carcinoma of lower esophagus. We found significant association between the increased tumor size and the increase depth of invasion and thenumber of harvested lymph nodes. Conclusion: As the tumor size increased (cutoff point 3cm), the depth of invasion through the layers of esophagus and the number of the infiltrated lymph nodes will increase, and this is associated with poor prognosis and increase in mortality rate from the esophageal cancer.

Kyrle’s disease (KD) is a Chronic skin condition first described by Austrian pathologist Josef Kyrle in 1916. Kyrle referred to this condition as hyperkeratosis follicularis & parafollicularis in cutem penetrans. These diseases are characterized by the phenomenon of transepidermal elimination of denatured dermis an acquired form of perforating dermatosis [14]. It is characterized by keratotic crater plugs that develop in hair follicles penetrating the epidermis and extending into the dermis [4]. This trans epithelial migration and elimination of proteinaceous components is associated with systemic disorders like renal, liver diseases, chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus. We present two case scenarios of a young Males with multiple chronic papular eruptions along with a review of literature for Kyrle’s disease (KD).

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to investigate a relationship between the different types of electrosurgical energy (monopolar, bipolar, and ultrasonic-harmonic scalpel) and postoperative hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy. Additionally, to analyze the frequency of postoperative hypocalcaemia, according to age group, gender, and pathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: An observational, retrospective and correlational study was carried out in a series of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy in a public and a private hospital in Quito, Ecuador, South America, from January 2016 to July 2019. Results: Among 665 patients, post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia was observed in 127 (18.8%) patients. There was no significant difference between males and females. Hypocalcaemia was significantly higher in patients aged between 26 and 35 years, patients operated for malignant tumors and in patients in whom at least one parathyroid gland was removed. Postoperative hypocalcaemia occurred in 52.2% of patients (n = 24) [RR: 3.14; 95% CI: 2.26-4.36; p: 0.001] in the bipolar group, 29.2% (n = 7) [RR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.82-2.97; p: 0.087] in the harmonic group, 17.3% (n = 34) [RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.61-1.24; p: 0.219] in the monopolar group, and 15.2% (n= 60) [RR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.45-0.84; p: 0.001] in the monopolar + harmonic group. Conclusions and clinical significance: The use of a bipolar device appears to be a risk factor for hypocalcaemia, while the use of monopolar + harmonic seems to be a protective factor. Although, when analyzing monopolar + harmonic vs monopolar alone, the addition of the harmonic scalpel didn’t provide statistically significant additional protection against hypocalcaemia.

Background: Inguinal hernia in children remains one of the most common congenital anomaly observed by surgeons. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment of the inguinal hernia continues to be the mainstay to avoid the complications. The present study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic hernia repair and open herniotomy of inguinal hernia in paediatric age group. Method: A total 104 healthy children of age

Aim:Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of craniofacial development with a highly variable pheonotype. This syndrome occurs with an incidence of 1:50,000, and more than 60% of the cases have no previous family history and arise as the result of de novo mutations. The disorder displays an intricate underlying dysmorphology. Affected patients may suffer life-threatening airway complications and functional difficulties involving sight, hearing, speech, and feeding. Deformation of facial structures produces a characteristic appearance that includes malar-zygomatic hypoplasia, periorbital soft tissue anomalies, maxillomandibular hypoplasia, and ear anomalies. Management requires a specialized craniofacial team, as comprehensive care starts at birth and may require life-long follow-up. Standard craniofacial procedures for bony and soft tissue reconstruction are used. This article outlines current treatment strategies and future concepts for surgical and regenerative management. Methods:The new field of regenerative medicine and therapy offers the promise to improve some of these treatments. In particular, Structural Fat Grafting (lipostructure) seems to be a good strategy to restore the normal volume and contour of the face, and to provide a source of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) with a multilineage differentiation potential. In this work, we present the case of a young girl with Treacher Collins Syndrome who underwent serial sessions of fat grafting in addition to other surgical bony reconstructive techniques. ADSCs have been isolated from the patient’s lipoaspirate, and compared for their stemness properties with those of a healthy subject. Conclusion:Screening of the genome of the Treacher Collins patient using array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array-CGH) allowed us to identify some chromosomal imbalances that are probably associated with the syndrome.Correction of these imbalances and asymmetries by modulating ADSCs could be an innovative approach to improve and stabilize the results of the surgical treatment of Treacher Collin Syndrome.

Background: Mitral valve surgery is routinely performed through a Median full sternotomy (MFS) with excellent long term outcomes. Minimally invasive mitral (MIMVS) valve surgery is also a surgical approach that improves operative outcomes. In this study we report early post-operative outcomes in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery compared with MFS access with reference to Blood Loss, Wound infections, post-operative Recovery, Morbidity, Mortality and others variables. Patient and Methods: This study was a prospective data collection from 52 consecutive patients who underwent isolated mitral valve surgery at our institution from November 2017 to October 2019. Population study was divided to two groups, MIMVS (group I n= 26) and MFS (group II n=26). Pre-operative planning were performed so that to obtain similar characteristics. Intra and post-operative data were analysed. Results: The baselines characteristics were similar in both groups. Of the 26 patients in group I, 23 (88.46%) underwent mitral valve replacement and 3 a mitral valve repair. All the patients in group II underwent mitral valve replacement. There was no difference in term of mortality and morbidity. MIMVS was associated with longer CPB time (mean 161.9 vs 89.8 mins, P =.025) but similar ACC (99 mins vs 64 P=.468) time. MIMVS Patients had likely lower incidence of red blood cells transfusion (12.2% vs 34.7%,), post-operative haemoglobin was similar before transfusion. Haemorrhage complications were more likely in the group II (26.08 vs 7.7%); requiring inotropic support was found to be higher in the group II (54.5 vs 19%). In addition, patients in the MIMVS group had a shorter mechanical ventilation time (1.6 [1-6] vs 3.6 [2-8] hours; P

Aim: Facial lipostructure (FLS) is not a new procedure. In the past, many surgeons steered clear of it because the results were poor and unpredictable . In the 80’s however FLS emerged with precise indications, improved techniques, foreseeable and stable results. Its use has become widespread because it produces natural, long-lasting outcomes with minimal donor site morbidity . FLS usually represents the last procedure or retouch in many reconstructive procedures and protocols. Moreover adipose-derived stems cells (ADSCs) represent a promising source of autologous cells for tissue repair and regeneration. Methods: In the maxillofacial area, FLS is indicated primarily to restore and rejuvenate the zygomas, periorbital region, cheeks, nose, lips, chin, mandible and jawline. Recently, it has been applied to correct localized tissue atrophy, burns, hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome, scleroderma, anophthalmic orbit), and loss of substance resulting from trauma, tumor excision, and congenital craniofacial deformity sequelae. Orthognathic surgery and fat grafting represent a new application and an appropriate indication. It is well known that this surgery moves the skeletal bases (maxilla, mandible, chin) but often this leads to a lack of soft tissue coverage. Some patients, particularly women, complain about this lack of soft tissue volume after bony surgery. Conclusion: FLS was launched as a means to improve volumes and facial aesthetics. Recently, it has been applied in more complex reconstructive and regenerative procedures. It can especially be used on any facial area lacking soft tissue due to posttraumatic outcomes, post tumor deformities, and as a refinement in for many acquired and congenital maxillofacial deformities. The proposed uses for ADSCs in tissue repair and regeneration are quite impressive. Recent works on ADSCs would suggest that adult cells may prove to be an equally powerful regenerative tool in treating congenital and acquired maxillofacial disorders. More importantly, physicians, researchers and international associations need…