International Journal of Dental Research and Reviews

Objectives: Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a disorder characterized by loss of blood supply to the jaws and death to the bone. In our previous work, we created a rat model of MRONJ by multiple injections of 60ug/Kg zoledronic acid (ZA) via tail vein followed by extraction of a single first molar. We have previously shown in this model a decrease in the vasculature of the jaws and a delay in bone healing after 6 weeks. The current study was designed to look at mRNA expression and immunohistochemical localization of three endothelial cell markers (CDH5, CXCL1 and PECAM1) 6 weeks following ZA injection with and without molar extraction and in saline injected rats as controls. The objective of this study is to determine if the expression of these markers may serve to identify clinically significant changes in vascular endothelium barrier function associated with the onset of MRONJ. Methods: Using RT-PCR, we analyzed the expression of mRNA for angiogenic markers, six weeks after injection with either 60ug/Kg ZA or saline as a control and in ZA injected rats following first molar extraction. Routine immunohistochemical procedures with antibodies specific for rat marker proteins were used to study the immunohistochemical localization of proteins translated from the mRNA angiogenic markers with significant expression. All tissues were processed together under identical conditions. Results: We found a decrease in the mRNA expression of CDH5, and PECAM1 and an increase in CXCL1 expression six weeks after extraction and ZA injection in our rat model of MRONJ. Rat monoclonal antibodies specific for protein epitopes expressed by these genes (VE-cadherin, C-X-C motif ligand 1(CXCl1), and PECAM-1) were then used to localize proteins for these markers in tissues from ZA, saline-injected control rats, and MRONJ rats. The results show the absence of immunohistochemical localization of PECAM-1 and…

Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, the first specialty of dentistry aims for correction of malocclusion, by movement of teeth, orthopedic changes in jaw bones with growth modulation or by ortho-surgical planning for the varied skeletal malocclusion. Rapid Palatal Expansion (RPE) for treatment of maxillary constriction, growth modulation with forward posturing of lower jaw with myo-functional appliances and surgical repositioning of jaw bones with orthognathic surgery results in alteration of the nasal and oral volume. These changes affect the nasal and oral breathing patterns of the patient and may result in correction of Sleep Breathing Disorders (SBD) like Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA). The conventional methods used to study these changes include 2D cephalometry, rhinomanometry etc. However, with the introduction of 3D evaluation technolo-gy of the craniofacial structures, it has helped orthodontist to evaluate these changes in volume. The contemporary methods include CT, CBCT and MRI. One less commonly explored modality in the field of Orthodontics is Acoustic Rhinometry (AR) and Acoustic Pharyngometry (AP), which is a non-invasive, non-ionizing modality to study upper airway in dynamic state. The AP device uses acoustic reflection technology to accurately map out the size, structure and collapsibility of the oral and nasal airway. The efficacy of the AP is found to be comparable with that of 2D Cephalometry and 3D modalities like CT, CBCT & MRI. This aim of this paper is to highlights the principal, use and importance of AP in the field of orthodontics and to advocate the use of this modality in ortho-dontic practice and training.

Background: Dental anxiety has been reported to lead to avoidance behavior and cause a delay in regular or necessary dental treatment and this also negatively affects dental health. However, the problem remained rarely investigated in our setting and at the national level. This study aims to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety and associated factors among dental clinics of Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital and Mekelle hospital. Objectives: To assess the magnitude of dental anxiety and associated factors among dental clinics of Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital and Mekelle hospital, Mekelle, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: An Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety. The study was conducted from September 2019 to November 2019 on a total sample size of 236. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select participants. A Farsi version of the MDAS questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data collected was entered into a computer for analysis mainly using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for version 21. Then, data were coded, cleaned and some consistency checks were made to assess the quality. It was done by running frequencies and cross-tabulation among various reported cases or variables. Result: Females were 1.89 times AOR=1.896, 95% CI, [1.003-3.585] higher than males to develop dental anxiety. Urban residents were 2.57 times AOR= 2.576, 95% CI, [1.060-6.259] higher to develop dental anxiety than those who reside in rural. Regarding avoidance of dental care, those who avoid dental care were 5.77 times AOR=5.768, 95% CI, [2.107-15.79] higher to develop dental anxiety than those who don’t avoid dental care. In respect of pain, patients who have experienced pain during the recent visit were 2.75 times higher AOR= 2.747, 95% CI, [1.101-6.854] higher to develop dental anxiety than those who didn’t experience pain.Conclusion: The magnitude…

The use of ozone in oral health care is flourishing with the evidence of its effectiveness in treating dental caries. As we know its importance in the troposphere is now witnessed in the dental sphere. There is growing evidence that it can be employed as a therapeutic agent in both medicine and dentistry. Its painless, atraumatic, non-invasive nature and absence of discomfort make it an ideal treatment option especially in the case of paediatric patients where patient’s acceptance is of utmost importance. So, this article summarizes the therapeutic benefits of ozone in dentistry.

Periodontal disease, a common oral health problem is an inflammation of the supporting structure of tooth which is marked up by the association of several risk factors. Smoking tobacco has been conceded as the most influential risk factor among them. No other risk factors can impair to the extent that smoking alone can do in inducing periodontal disease. The more the duration and intensity of smoking, the more the extent and severity of periodontal breakdown. This study was designed to determine the proportion and severity of periodontal diseases among patients who are tobacco smokers attending Dhaka Dental college and Hospital, Mirpur-14. It was a cross-sectional study conducted among 115 participants using pretested semi structured questionnaires. Their periodontal status were examined using CPITN index, gingival index of Loe and Silness and periodontal severity index approved by American Academy Of Periodontology. Data analysis was done using appropriate statistical inferences like frequency, percentage, chi square test etc. Complete data were available of 115 participants of whom all were smokers. Among them, the proportion of periodontal disease was 93% and most of them were affected by moderate periodontitis (33.2%). From the bi-variate analysis done by chi square test, important correlates of periodontal status identified were oral hygiene maintenance practice & preventive knowledge, duration and intensity of smoking, presence of systemic diseases that affect periodontal health, presence of non-smoking tobacco using habit. On the other hand, periodontal severity were significantly associated with age, level of education, monthly income, oral hygiene maintenance practice and preventive knowledge, duration and intensity of smoking, presence of non-smoking tobacco using habits. In stead of having no significant relationship with periodontal status and severity, proportion of the disease was highest (82.6%) among current smokers as well as the cases of severe periodontitis were also highest (18.3%) among them. Proportion of periodontal…

The mouth is a natural reservoir of several microorganisms resulting from various ecological determinants, being conducive to contagion, as it is an open system for contamination, to which the oral health team is exposed. This microbiota, in general, is in harmony with the host and is quite relevant, as it contributes to the development of the mucous immune system. However, local and/or systemic changes can result in imbalance and clinical manifestation of diseases in the mouth, as reported in this chapter, about coronavirus, hepatitis, herpes, varicella-zoster, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, ebola, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Oral hygiene is essential to maintain harmony between normal oral microbiota and external contamination, and, as is known, the mouth is part of the digestive and respiratory system and, in this moment of the lethal and quite contagious SARS-VOC 2 pandemic, the dental practice needs to reinforce biosafety care and reduce the vulnerability of staff and patients, in order to favor the good practices of home dental care, outpatient and/or hospital assistance.

Computational modelling signifies the simulation of real life layout in a virtual domain by the transfiguration of physical structures into numerical models, which then is processed into objects. It has restructured the field of Bio – medical engineering in the past 40 years. It has conceptualised the transposition of the visual to the visual-tactile portrayal of anatomical objects leading to a new kind of reciprocity called ‘touch to comprehend’, paving way for educational approaches. This advent of Rapid prototyping has opened new prospects in medical field, especially dentistry with its accuracy and speed. Rapid prototyping is an additive manufacturing technology that produces prototype models by addition of materials in a layer by layer process. With new researches coming to the fore for molding materials and the forming process of RP techniques, this technology has become trendsetter in dental prosthesis fabrication. This article provides a Narrative review of the evolution and its foray into Prosthodontics through the multiple technological options it has panned.

Objective: The objective of this work is to analyze the use of zirconia crowns in primary teeth, their advantages, evolution and acceptance within pediatric dentistry. Methods: An integrative review was carried out using the SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with the objective of analyzing the use of zirconia crowns in primary teeth, including 13 articles, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria previously determined. Results: The literature shows that zirconia crowns provide a well-polished surface and less bacterial adhesion, allowing to prevent plaque accumulation and pigmentation, reducing gingival inflammation associated with rehabilitated primary teeth. Zirconia crowns have superior mechanical properties related to other types of ceramics, which gives durability and resistance to fracture and wear, in addition to a natural aesthetic to the rehabilitated tooth. Conclusion: It is concluded, therefore, that pediatric dentistry has benefited a lot from this restorative revolution that uses the use of zirconia crowns in children.

Background: One of the reasons for endodontic treatment failure is iatrogenic perforation. That is why it is important to provide adequate endodontic education for graduating young practitioners. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the most common locations of the iatrogenic perforations made by last year students in the Dental Faculty in Sofia, Bulgaria, to note the association of particular errors with particular teeth and to determine how this information can improve their education. Methods: All patient records of last-year students for 2015 and 2016 were examined. Perforations were diagnosed by radiography, and also confirmed clinically. Results: From all 778 teeth 30 incidents of root perforations were found: 10 in 2015 and 20 in 2016. More perforations were found in upper posterior teeth- 80% of all the perforations made in 2015, and 45% of all registered perforations in 2016. For the entire period of the research perforation frequency in upper molars, and in upper anterior teeth were found to be significantly higher than in other group of teeth. In academic 2015 year, 8 of the perforations (80%) were furcal. In 2016 year, 11 (55%) of all perforations were apical. Conclusions: More in-depth knowledge of endodontic anatomy , and also more strict supervision on students’ tasks are needed, especially regarding standard root canal treatment on molar teeth.

The most commonly used procedure for root surface debridement is mechanical scaling and root planing using hand instruments. Periodontal files are used as a part of treatment introduced in subgingivally pockets. The difficult lies in stablishing an analogy of this depth measurement to the probe by a PCP 12 and the corresponding input of this files at the same distance. The authors present new files, similar to Hirschfeld, have been modified with external marking at 12mm, allowing the Periodontist this analogy, and facilitating the process. On the other hand a specific small diameter PHenriques 6 and PHenriques 7 files, to instrument more easily this complex region. Consist of a series of 3 blades, and its sharp edges in 270 degrees around the active tip, reaching the root trunk, fornix and neighbor´s surfaces. They are extremely useful especially in Class III involvement and sharpening in the same way as conventional files.