Public Health

Objective: This study aims to analyze the prevalence of HIV positive serology in trans women sex workers, and the main problems associated. Methods: Scientific articles were found searching data platforms (PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar) as much as much as epidemiological bulletins and statistical data from the Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (Ministry of Health) and UNAIDS were included. Results: Gender violence and gender inequality can contribute to the increased vulnerability of the transgender population to HIV. Globally, trans women are 50 times more likely to be infected with HIV, with seroprevalence in Brazil ranging from 16.9% to 65.3%. Studies point to prostitution as one of the main causes of seroconversion in trans women, especially between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Due to the immense marginalization, transsexual women have an evident difficulty in entering the labor market and accessing basic rights, such as health. These factors contribute to a greater vulnerability to HIV infection. Conclusion: The Ministry of Health needs to improve more incisively the prevention and assessment strategies of the risk levels of HIV transmission, without perpetuating gender violence, including by making it invisible, which contributes to maintaining the vulnerability of the professional transsexual population of sex.

In the response to sequential outbreaks of serious and long-lasting effect of mycotoxins in developing countries which is responsible for deaths of people, strategies are required and transferred within the community. The aims of the paper is to pinpoint community wellbeing strategies for the reduction of mortality and morbidity incidences associated with the consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated food in the emerging countries and to shape an assimilated plan that supplementary successfully pools farming approaches and public health to the control of mycotoxins. Communicational strategies are important to address potential remedial points about mycotoxins and identify gaps in current information around critical and chronic human health effects of mycotoxins, reconnaissance and diet monitoring, and the ability of intervention strategies. Accordingly, different melodies should be emerged commencing the works and deserve immediate responsiveness such as; quantifying the effect on the health of human and the problem of infection because of mycotoxins experience; assembling an record and appraise the efficiency of on-going intervention strategies; improve and expand the disease investigation, nutrition monitoring, research laboratory, and community health reaction capability of exaggerated areas; and emerging a response practice that can be used in the happening of an eruption of mycotoxins effect.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is becoming one of the main problems identified for public health importance by the World Health Organization (WHO) particularly in developing countries. The exact cause for T2DM unknown for sure but multiple predisposing factors are suggested including overweight, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle and stress. Objectives: To systematically review the major risk factors for T2DM giving more emphasis in the developing world. Methodology: The search for studies was performed through Google scholar, Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. The keywords that were used to search in the database included “T2DM” AND “predisposing factors” AND “determinants OR risk factor”, relevant articles were included for review. Results: Of the fifty-eight study results that met the inclusion criteria; the majority reported stressful life as the risk factor for type2 diabetes mellitus. Other articles noted obesity, out of which some reported obesity linked with the ‘thrifty gene’ as a risk factor. Furthermore, the remaining reports suggested genetic traits, aging, lack of exercise, and insulin resistance, and infections all contribute to the risk of diabetes. Conclusion: Although not everyone with T2DM is overweight, the presence of obesity, lack of physical activity, and stressful life increase the chances of acquiring T2DM. But it is doubtful to accept the thrifty gene hypothesis to play a role in the higher proportion of diabetes. This review highlights the need for a further study focused on finding a new approach to manage and prevent diabetes is recommended.

Background: Safe drinking water is the basic necessities for human beings. However, billions of people in the world have not access to it today. About 28 in 100 people lack access to sufficient and quality drinking water globally. According to Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016, 97% of urban households in Ethiopia have access to an improved source of drinking water, as compared with 57% of rural households. Objectives: The major objective of this study was to assess the accessibility, handling and treatment practices in households of Assosa Woreda, from October 25-December 25/2020. Methodology: Community based cross sectional study was carried out in selected households in selected kebeles of Assosa woreda using pre-designed questionnaires and observational check list as data collection tool. The source of population was all rural households in Assosa Woreda and study population was households who were living in selected kebeles. Sampling unit was households and study units were head of the household. Multistage and systemic random probability sampling technique was used in this study as sampling technique and sample size was determined by single proportion formula to be 378 households representing total of 3,265 households. Data was analyzed by SPSS IBM-21sotware and descriptive frequency and cross tabulation. The results were presented by texts, tables and graphs. Result and discussion: The result showed that, majority, 82.8% households getting access to improved water source from hand pump which is treated while 18.2% still using unimproved drinking water source that is unprotected and untreated springs. 100% of them use Jerry-can to collect water and store water. Majority (80.2%) of the households were washing /rinsing the collection container before refilling. Most of the households (100%) reported that they cover the collection container during transport. From the total households only 13.2% practiced treating water at their home that is mainly by…

Background: There is great impact of implementing evidence based screening programs on improving public health outcomes. When applied properly it will lead to prevent disease, reduce disability and cut mortality. 1st step in conducting such programs is awareness about current situation regarding knowledge and willingness of the targeted population for such programs. Objectives: To estimate level of knowledge about breast cancer, colorectal cancer and osteoporosis and assess willingness to participate in screening programs among resident of king Fahad airbase in Taif city. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted among King Fahad Air base residents using an online survey to investigate the awareness of the residents of air base about the detection of some diseases. The study included all age groups and both genders, the study continued for 2 weeks. The survey investigated demographics of participants, their awareness about breast cancer, colon and rectum cancers, and osteoporosis regarding the prevalence, family history, and other questions associated with level of knowledge of such diseases. Results: The present study included 121 participants; most dominant age group represented 41.32% with an age range of 35-44 years old. Females were more dominant than males with 65.29%. Regarding family history, there were 6.61%, 5.83%, and 42.15% reported having a family history of breast cancer, colon and rectum cancers, and osteoporosis. Regarding the prevalence of breast cancer, there were 59.17% moderate in prevalence. Regarding colon and rectum cancers, there were 58.68% moderate in prevalence. There were 70.83% reported that osteoporosis is prevalent. Regarding the appropriate age for early detection of the diseases, there were 38.02% reported 30 years and more for the detection of breast cancer, 52.07%, 42.15% when symptoms appear regarding colorectal cancers and osteoporosis respectively. Regarding the symptoms related to colon and rectum cancers, there were 44.63% reported abdominal pain, 49.59% reported…

Background: In the last few years, Hajj season is characterized by high temperature reached up to 46°C.Exposure to great hot environment accompanied with fatigue may result in different heat-related illnesses including heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Objectives: To investigate the types, symptoms, signs, laboratory parameters, associated chronic disease and medical management of heat illness experienced by pilgrims in the fields and emergency centers. Subjects and methods: It is an analytical cross sectional study conducted during Hajj season (2017-2018) including all patients exposed or attended the emergency departments or centers of management heat related medical problems in Ministry of Defense hospitals and centers in Makkah city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A prepared checklist was used to collect data about demographic characteristics of patients, associated risk factors, signs and symptoms as well as data about managements of heat stroke and heat exhaustions. Results: The study included 73 patients diagnosed with either heat exhaustion (52; 71.2%) or heat stroke (21; 28.8%). Their age ranged between 30 and 80 years (57.8±12.7). Males represent 57.5% of them. History of vaccination against seasonal influenza and meningitis was observed among 60% of them.Majority of the patients (74%) exposed to heat for 2-4 hours. The most frequent encountered symptoms were headache (82.2%), extreme weakness (80.8%), and dizziness/vertigo (78.1%). Their body temperature ranged between 31.6-41.2 ˚C (37.4±1.7).Glasgow coma scale ranged between 10 and 15 (14.5±1.2). Dry tongue, sunken eyes, skin rash and complications were observed among 68.5%, 31.5%, 11% and 4.1% of them, respectively. Admission for two hours or more was reported among 20 cases (27.4%), with no significant difference between cases of heat stroke and those with heat exhaustion. Analgesics were given to 9 patients (12.3%); more significantly in cases of heat stroke (19% versus 9.6%), p=0.045. History of transfer was reported among 9 patients (12.3%);…

Water is considered a finite natural resource and one of the essential elements of life. It is used in various work activities such as agriculture, industry, livestock, public supply, energy generation, among others [15]. According to SPERLING (2006) [38], only 2.493% of the water on the planet is suitable for the consumption of humans and animals and 0.0007% of the water accessible for consumption is present in the atmosphere, rivers and lakes. It is estimated that more than one billion people worldwide do not have access to treated water, as its supply is not made on an equal basis due to population growth, economic activities and uneven distribution contrasted with different populations. between rural and urban areas [3, 21,33,]. Problems related to water shortages in the metropolitan regions of Brazilian states are increasingly present in everyday life, and can be attributed to factors involving administrative processes, such as the high cost of drinking water treatment, pollution of water tables, increased demand for water. consumption and climatic factors. In this sense, the use of water for poor quality consumption is an alternative for regions experiencing shortages and has a direct impact on the health of individuals, especially workers and students, as about 80% of the infectious and parasitic diseases that affect developing countries are due to poor quality water, directly impacting the individual’s health [10,17,18,28,36,37]. The water potability standards in Brazil are described in Ordinance GM / MS No. 2,914, of December 12, 2011, which portrays the main physical-chemical and microbiological quality control processes aimed at ensuring water safety and quality. for human consumption [5-8,42].In relation to water-borne infectious-parasitic diseases, their main route of transmission is via the oro-fecal route, that is, ingestion of water contaminated by excreta in drinks or food. According to PEIL et al (2015) [29], the main…

This work aims to evaluate the parasite presence in the sand of two squares and beaches/parks in the metropolitan region of Recife-PE and João Pessoa-PB, to compare the frequencies of the main parasitological species in these locations. The samples were collected in 2014 from three different depths of the soil (surface, 10 cm, and 20 cm), obtaining 96 samples from the metropolitan regions of Recife-PE and 48 samples from João Pessoa-PB. In Recife were detected a high number of positive samples from beaches (70.8%) and squares (25.7%) compared to João Pessoa, which reached 45.8% and 25%, respectively. Twelve parasite species were identified, distributed predominantly in the samples collected in 10 and 20 cm. In Pernambuco, the species Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp., and Endolimax nana were the most recurrent on the beaches, while Toxocara sp. and Iodamoeba butschilii were more frequent in the parks. In the Paraíba were identified only Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar on the beaches. While Ancylostoma sp., Cryptosporidium spp, and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar were the most recurrent in the Paraíba squares. This study highlights the contamination of parasites in public environments (squares/beaches) to alert the need for actions aimed at combating parasites in these places.

Objectives: The work objective was to verify the occurrence of anemophilous fungi present in the air and on the surface of books in the special and rare collection of the CCA/UFPB Library. To the isolation of anemophilous fungi present in the air, there used a direct exposure method, in which plates were exposed for 20 min. Methods: To the isolation of anemophilous fungi present in the air, there used a direct exposure method, in which plates were exposed for 20 min. The fungi collection from the surfaces of the books, it was performed through rubbing sterile swabs along the entire length of the cover and placed in a test tube with a saline solution. Then, it sowed the samples in Petri dishes containing culture medium. The plates with samples of fungi from the air and the surface of the books, it was incubated in an oven at 28 ºC. After the growth of the colonies, the identification was based on macro and micromorphological analyzes. Results: There obtained a total of 688 isolates of anemophilous fungi belonging to 14 taxa. Most belong to the group of asexual fungi. The most frequent taxa were Penicillium (61.5%), sterile mycelia (23.5%), and Cladosporium (7.6%). Conclusion: The Library presented an important presence of several fungal genera in its spaces, favoring the biodeterioration of historical documents, besides being able to compromise the health of employees and visitors.

Objectives: to review in the literature the role and challenges of the multidisciplinary team in confronting Covid-19 and to collaborate to improve health approaches. Methods: this is an integrative literature review, carried out from July to August 2020. The data collection took place between the years 2019 to 2020, in the electronic databases PubMed and VHL (Virtual Health Library), through of the descriptors “multidisciplinary team at Covid-19”, present in the DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors), in Portuguese and English. Results: After collecting the data, 112 (BVS = 109; PubMed = 03) scientific articles were identified, of which 100 (review = 10, duplicates = 8, outside the theme = 82) were excluded, resulting in 12 research eligible for the final sample and discussion of this work. Among the main approaches discussed, remote classes, professional training, the creation of team service protocols, the use of technology as a way to reduce the risk of contagion and optimize therapeutic approaches, disposition and guidance on the correct use of personal protective equipment and psychosocial support for health professionals, due to physical and emotional overload during the pandemic. Conclusion: Therefore, it is clear that the pandemic due to the new coronavirus poses great challenges to the entire social situation. Until then, the extent of its effects on the world population is immeasurable. Thus, it is highlighted that the integration of health professionals is considered the foundation and the most important strategy for facing Covid-19.