Recent Articles

During 2009/2010, study was carried out to assess agrochemicals use practice and its potential risk on honeybees and beekeeping activities in Seka Chekorsa district of Jimma zone of Oromia. A total of 240 farmer respondents from two rural peasant associations were interviewed using pretested partially structured questionnaires. Focus group discussion was held in the peasant associations for data collection. About 83.3 % of the study participants used different types of agrochemicals (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) at different levels.50.8%, 22.2%, 13.3%, 7.9%, 3.8% and 2.1% of the respondents did use agrochemicals for fungal, insect, weed, quality product, others and other diseases in decreasing order of importance respectively. Majority of Farmers in the study area have practiced spray form of agrochemicals application as compared to other forms. Even though , there was variability, farmers apply agrochemicals mainly at flowering stage of nearly all cultivated crops. Most of the farmers apply agrochemicals during winter season following irrigation farming in the study area. The respondent farmers confirmed that agrochemicals had affected beekeeping activities in several ways. From the respondents view and field observation in the present study, it is evident to report that agrochemical are recklessly used and do have high risk to beekeeping activities and honeybees population in the study area. Therefore, all stake takers should cooperate to mitigate agrochemicals use practice impact on honeybee population in the ecosystem. Frequent training has to be provided for both beekeepers and crop growers on the sustainable use of agrochemicals and approaches that will lessen potential harm that might be posed to honeybees due to misuse of agrochemicals. Further study is needed to examine actual impact of agrochemicals on beekeeping and honeybees using a rigorous research approach under laboratory and field conditions.

Ethiopia has about 10 million bee colonies, the largest bee population in Africa and the largest honey producer in Africa, and the tenth-largest honey producer all over the world. The total honey production of Ethiopia is estimated to be 53 000 tons. Honey is a viscous, aromatic, sweet food that is consumed and enjoyed by people around the world. For this reason, it requires certain standards and norms that guarantee its identity and quality so that consumers may safely consume honey, and the same shall have free circulation in the internal market and access to the external market. Honey quality is determined by its physicochemical and rheological constituents. Knowing honey characteristics is useful for processing, packaging, and storage of honey in appropriate conditions which are used to preserve their qualities and know their nutritional and medicinal value as well. The majority of Ethiopian honey possesses good characteristics in terms of physicochemical and rheological properties although there is a slight variation among parameters due to different factors. Training and creating awareness beekeepers and other stakeholders on honey quality may reduce the problem related to honey quality.

Pesticides are widely used compounds against pest in agriculture. Although chemical pesticides had made a great contribution to the fight against pests and diseases, nowadays, their indiscriminate use are posing serious ecological consequences. The present review highlights the side effect, accelerating factors, and management strategies of pesticide use on environmental constituents. Pesticides cause serious hazards to agricultural environment and human health as a lot of them and their derivatives remain in the environmental system for a considerable period. Most of them have adverse effects on soil and soil microbes, beneficial organisms and species diversity, fresh water community, water quality and air ecosystem, human health, and sustainable pest management. Moreover, pesticides cause imbalance of biodiversity which directly affects agricultural productivity and/or crop yield. On the other hand, increasing world population, repeated use of persistent and non-biodegradable pesticides, and lack of judicious pesticide usage, weak linkage among stock holders and weak pesticide governance are among factors which contribute in acceleration of ecological impact of pesticides. Hence, proper utilization or effective management of pesticides is compulsory to protect our environment and eventually health hazards associated with it. Adoption of alternative pest control options like integrated pest management, appropriate agronomic practices, resistant/tolerant varieties, bio-control, natural substances, and safe application of minimal toxic synthetic pesticides as a last resort are key measures to mitigate the risk. Likewise, there is a need for more awareness rising among farmers, distributors, industry, policymakers, and other stakeholders in the judicious and discriminate use of pesticides which is critical to reducing the side effects on humans and the environment. Furthermore, activities that increase environmental awareness and safety of pesticides should be initiated by the agrochemical firms and governments.

The study of the relationship between humans and nature in the past is Environmental history. Environmental history was well-known as a new discipline in the 1977 at the American society. Its study in Africa lies in its emphasis on colonial capitalism and imperialism as environmental contexts and processes. The study in Africa was the results of colonialism because of the environmental degradation and prolonged to multi-faced environmental problem. Study in Ethiopia was ignored due to the emphasis of studies for political centers and political elites. Likewise other part of Ethiopia, the environmental history in Ayu Guagusa District was not well studied. Ayu Guagusa woreda was positioned in the Awi Administrative Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. The district populated by ethnically diverse. The diverse peoples produced the maize, pepper corn, wheat, téff, Dagussa, barely and bean through practice of traditional agricultural system. Following land reform since 1975, the government formed Peasant association in the study area. Then, the villagazition, resettlement and other programs were also introduced by the socialist government to instruct the ideology into the rural peasant. The programs negatively resulted soil degradation in the district. This land degradation rehabilitated by measures such as reforestation, afforestation, gave awareness for the local peoples, terracing, crop rotation, animal manure and counter plough in the district.

Twin-screw compressor is a kind of rotary positive displacement pump with excellent performance. Due to its advantages of reliable operation, high efficiency, low noise and multiphase mixed transportation, it has been widely used in the fields of energy power, biomedicine, refrigeration and air conditioning, petrochemical industry, industrial construction and other rudder fields. In recent decades, although the study of screw compressor is more in-depth, but the three-dimensional flow field simulation design of twin screw compressor still needs breakthrough. In this paper, 3d flow characteristics of twin screw compressor are studied based on CFD numerical simulation. In this paper, CFD software is used for numerical simulation of twin screw compressor, and the distribution of pressure cloud, temperature cloud and velocity cloud of internal flow field is obtained.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the prevalence of HIV positive serology in trans women sex workers, and the main problems associated. Methods: Scientific articles were found searching data platforms (PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar) as much as much as epidemiological bulletins and statistical data from the Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (Ministry of Health) and UNAIDS were included. Results: Gender violence and gender inequality can contribute to the increased vulnerability of the transgender population to HIV. Globally, trans women are 50 times more likely to be infected with HIV, with seroprevalence in Brazil ranging from 16.9% to 65.3%. Studies point to prostitution as one of the main causes of seroconversion in trans women, especially between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Due to the immense marginalization, transsexual women have an evident difficulty in entering the labor market and accessing basic rights, such as health. These factors contribute to a greater vulnerability to HIV infection. Conclusion: The Ministry of Health needs to improve more incisively the prevention and assessment strategies of the risk levels of HIV transmission, without perpetuating gender violence, including by making it invisible, which contributes to maintaining the vulnerability of the professional transsexual population of sex.

In the response to sequential outbreaks of serious and long-lasting effect of mycotoxins in developing countries which is responsible for deaths of people, strategies are required and transferred within the community. The aims of the paper is to pinpoint community wellbeing strategies for the reduction of mortality and morbidity incidences associated with the consumption of mycotoxins-contaminated food in the emerging countries and to shape an assimilated plan that supplementary successfully pools farming approaches and public health to the control of mycotoxins. Communicational strategies are important to address potential remedial points about mycotoxins and identify gaps in current information around critical and chronic human health effects of mycotoxins, reconnaissance and diet monitoring, and the ability of intervention strategies. Accordingly, different melodies should be emerged commencing the works and deserve immediate responsiveness such as; quantifying the effect on the health of human and the problem of infection because of mycotoxins experience; assembling an record and appraise the efficiency of on-going intervention strategies; improve and expand the disease investigation, nutrition monitoring, research laboratory, and community health reaction capability of exaggerated areas; and emerging a response practice that can be used in the happening of an eruption of mycotoxins effect.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is becoming one of the main problems identified for public health importance by the World Health Organization (WHO) particularly in developing countries. The exact cause for T2DM unknown for sure but multiple predisposing factors are suggested including overweight, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle and stress. Objectives: To systematically review the major risk factors for T2DM giving more emphasis in the developing world. Methodology: The search for studies was performed through Google scholar, Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. The keywords that were used to search in the database included “T2DM” AND “predisposing factors” AND “determinants OR risk factor”, relevant articles were included for review. Results: Of the fifty-eight study results that met the inclusion criteria; the majority reported stressful life as the risk factor for type2 diabetes mellitus. Other articles noted obesity, out of which some reported obesity linked with the ‘thrifty gene’ as a risk factor. Furthermore, the remaining reports suggested genetic traits, aging, lack of exercise, and insulin resistance, and infections all contribute to the risk of diabetes. Conclusion: Although not everyone with T2DM is overweight, the presence of obesity, lack of physical activity, and stressful life increase the chances of acquiring T2DM. But it is doubtful to accept the thrifty gene hypothesis to play a role in the higher proportion of diabetes. This review highlights the need for a further study focused on finding a new approach to manage and prevent diabetes is recommended.

Background: Safe drinking water is the basic necessities for human beings. However, billions of people in the world have not access to it today. About 28 in 100 people lack access to sufficient and quality drinking water globally. According to Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016, 97% of urban households in Ethiopia have access to an improved source of drinking water, as compared with 57% of rural households. Objectives: The major objective of this study was to assess the accessibility, handling and treatment practices in households of Assosa Woreda, from October 25-December 25/2020. Methodology: Community based cross sectional study was carried out in selected households in selected kebeles of Assosa woreda using pre-designed questionnaires and observational check list as data collection tool. The source of population was all rural households in Assosa Woreda and study population was households who were living in selected kebeles. Sampling unit was households and study units were head of the household. Multistage and systemic random probability sampling technique was used in this study as sampling technique and sample size was determined by single proportion formula to be 378 households representing total of 3,265 households. Data was analyzed by SPSS IBM-21sotware and descriptive frequency and cross tabulation. The results were presented by texts, tables and graphs. Result and discussion: The result showed that, majority, 82.8% households getting access to improved water source from hand pump which is treated while 18.2% still using unimproved drinking water source that is unprotected and untreated springs. 100% of them use Jerry-can to collect water and store water. Majority (80.2%) of the households were washing /rinsing the collection container before refilling. Most of the households (100%) reported that they cover the collection container during transport. From the total households only 13.2% practiced treating water at their home that is mainly by…

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) predominately affects adults over the age of 50, however it occasionally occurs in young patients. Case: This case observes the presentation and management of a 14-year-old African American male (AAM) who presented to the emergency department with a two-week history of insidious onset RLQ abdominal pain. Evaluation of suspected small bowel obstruction with computed tomography raised alarm for a mass lesion causing the obstruction. Subsequent barium enema, colonoscopy, and histological analysis diagnosed colorectal cancer. The patient then underwent surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation for stage IIIc CRC. Conclusion: We use this case to argue for the development of a genetic panel that can screen for high-risk mutations so detected patients can pursue early and frequent screening protocols such as colonoscopy. We demonstrate the importance of early intervention by discussing the prognosis of patients that are discovered after a change in bowel habits.