Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Challenges: A Review
The underwater wireless sensor network consists of sensors that enable the exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater wireless sensor Network consists of variable number of floating and anchored sensors, sink and vehicles that are deployed over an area to be explored. Applications of underwater sensing range from oil industry to aquaculture, and include instrument monitoring, pollution control, climate recording, Prediction of natural disturbances, search and survey missions, and study of marine life. UWSN is a network of autonomous sensor nodes. Which are spatially distributed underwater to sense the water-related properties such as quality, temperature, and pressure? The sensed data can be utilized by variety of applications that can be used for the benefit of humans. The sensor nodes, stationary or mobile are connected wirelessly via communication modules to transfer various events of interest. In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are discussed, and the underwater channel is characterized. The main challenges for the development of efficient networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are detailed at all layers of the protocol stack. Furthermore, open research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches are outlined.
Fake News in the American Sociological Review Claims that Asian Americans Don’t Really Value Education*
Lizardo (2017) seeks to improve the sociological analysis of culture by conceptualizing the distinction between “nondeclarative” versus “declarative” aspects of culture. Lizardo uses this contrast to critique the view that Asian values have any effects on Asian American educational attainment. We show that Lizardo’s summary of empirical studies of Asian American educational attainment is misconstrued. He misinterprets statistical findings and inadequately considers the Asian values model. Lizardo claims that Asian values do not have effects because not all Asian Americans share a Confucian heritage. However, the Asian values model is applicable to many familistic cultures including some non-Confucian Asian societies. Furthermore, Lizardo’s emphasis on the “nondeclarative” versus “declarative” aspects of culture is of limited relevance to understanding differences in educational attainment among youth. Lizardo assumes that values must be “declarative,” but basic sociology stipulates that children slowly internalize their values over the course of their socialization that is heavily influenced by parental values especially in the case of Asian Americans. Lizardo’s dismissal of Asian cultural effects on Asian American educational attainment is uninformed and unconvincing.
