American Journal of History and Culture

In the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Serbian nationalism played a crucial role with the project of creating a greater Serbia, using military violence to achieve the goal of this project. The northern republics such as Slovenes, Croats and Kosovo Albanians had the strongest reaction against this project, since after the first pluralist elections in Yugoslavia, political parties seeking independence from Belgrade came to the helm of these republics. The actions of national movements of the Slovenians, Croats, Bosnians, Kosovo Albanians, Macedonians and Montenegrins for independence, have been a reaction to the project of Serbian nationalism for the creation of a greater Serbia. In these new circumstances created in the Yugoslav federation, Kosovo Albanians profiled the demands for a sovereign and independent state of Kosovo, legitimizing it with the referendum held under conditions of occupation and with a sovereign vote for the independence of Kosovo. Despite the creation of some parallel institutions such as education and the obedience of Western diplomacy for a peaceful solution to the Kosovo issue. This was not achieved until an armed resistance from Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) started in Kosovo, that the Kosovo issue was imposed on the diplomacies with international influence to start taking important decisions towards the solution to the Kosovo issue. Due to the KLA war, the contact group took the historical decision to organize an international conference in Rambouillet of France, with a concrete peaceful plan for Kosovo. Rambouillet’s decisions were rejected by the Yugoslav government, thus forcing NATO military intervention to stop crimes against Albanian civilians by Serb forces. The efforts of the Kosovo Albanians to get out of the Serbian occupation had been imposed, even though as such they were insufficient to achieve success for nearly a century, but due to the international diplomacy and the sacrifice of the Albanian national…

Ibn Qutayba (828-889) is one of the most important writers of medieval Arabic literature. He is the author of several books of Adab, a classic genre of prose cultivated among the Arabs in the Middle Ages. This paper refers to this outstanding figure of medieval times and is an approach to the study of one of his main works: the compendium of Adab (belles-lettres) entitled as ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār (Sources of information). It includes some preliminary notes by way of introduction about the life and the work of the author, a special reference to the cited book, and an appendix with the English translation of an Arabic text selected and taken from the ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār.

The aim of this research is dealing with the documenting the history of Segadi Michael monastery. Monastery is very great in size when we compare with church. The monastery established in the 17th century by the founder Abune Tetemke- Medehin at the Awi Administrative Zone, Guangua Woreda. The presence of Segadi Michael monastery in the Guangua Woreda plays a significant role for development of Christianity religion for the local people and people of Ethiopia in general. The income of the church come not only from the contribution of the believers and agricultural product of its own land, grinding variety of crops by the use of mill as well as rearing the cattle, but also when performing religious activities such as child baptizing, gift during celebration (holiday) and in the form of cereals from local people.

Gambella regional state is located in the southwestern Ethiopia with diverse ethnic groups. From the ethnic groups, Anuak and Nuer are dominant in the region. Both interacted in marriage, support each other in the time of famine as well as war and followed traditional religion. Their interaction violated by conflicts in the second half 19th century. The conflict caused by the question of natural resources, Parliamentary seats and curriculum and media of instruction in school. This fight caused the death of human beings and destruction of material properties on the both ethnic groups. Hostilities and conflicts between them had no earned solution due to outbreak of First World War.

The review article explains that the Tantra is oldest tradition of mind and body health, Universal is not creating any one, it is create by god. Its truth no scientific an evidence of various natural things in 21st century, Tantra explains systematic life, visualization of nothings etc… Tantra is best way of good things only.

A Gumuz of the Mandura Woreda share many common socio-cultural features with their ethnic groups. Their basic socio-cultural features are Marriage arrangement, Menstruation and delivery custom, food custom and dressing style. They also celebrated the special ceremony called a memorial feast for the dead whom they call it Kemasa. Besides it, the ceremonial events such as the founding of the true cross, funeral and initiation ceremonies for girls at the first menstruation and for boys at a time of big hunt or killing of an enemy play a significant role of the Gumuz community’s social life. In the Mandura woreda, the most important economic activity of the Gumuz Population was shifting cultivation. Hunting, gathering, small scale fishing, handcrafts, beekeeping and limited animal husbandry were the supplementary economic activity of them.

Conversational implicature and conversational principle are proposed by the American language philosopher Grice. The principle of conversation is an important part of the study in the field of pragmatics, represented by Grice’s Cooperative principle and Leech’s Politeness principle, which constitutes the main reference principle and basis for understanding the meaning of conversation. To a certain extent, they regulate people’s verbal communication behavior. Grice believes that in the process of people’s communication, the two sides of the dialogue seem to follow a certain principle intentionally or unintentionally in order to complete the communicative task effectively. But sometimes, to make the communication activities go smoothly, the communicative parties usually break the cooperative principles in order to achieve some kind of communicative purpose. Based on the daily communicative dialogue as corpus, this paper analyzes the communicative implicature that violates the principle of conversation. Through the analysis of communicative implicature and pragmatic effect to explore the main forms of conversational implicature in verbal communication in the context of real communication.

Cultural buildings have distinct regional characteristics. How to make them have regional characteristics is an important point to judge the success or failure of a cultural building design. Take Yichang City’s cultural architecture design as an example to explore how regional cultural characteristics are reflected in the architecture. From the aspects of humanities and natural environment, we provide an in-depth analysis of the cultural design of local characteristics, and discuss the specific application of different factors in the design of stylistic architecture.

European diplomacy was in a dominant position after the loss of Soviet influence in the eastern European countries. The Yugoslav crisis was the first challenge for the European Community that could not stop the conflict in the areas of the former Yugoslavia. It did not appear determined in the initial positions of the Yugoslav crisis by attempting to maintain the Yugoslav federation, at a time when it was impossible for the coming of leaders seeking independence from the such federation. The efforts of European diplomats at the London Conference, The Hague, and then onwards to that of Geneva failed to stop the expansion of the conflict towards Kosovo. Where peace was established only when at the same time diplomacy was combined with NATO air force.

Set time as independent variable with historical method, regard Adam Smith and his An Inquiry Into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations as an ecosystem, explore the inputs to this ecosystem by analysing literature text and abstract two streams therein: one stream from the west, one stream from the east, investigate their flowing trace and coupling process, seek conceivable pattern in chaos, draw a personal imperfect summing-up on the Historical Streams of Adam Smith’s An Inquiry Into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations: its discourse system came from the west demonstrably: the attention to people, the legality of private property, the concept of economy from Xenophon, the thought of division of labour from Xenophon and Plato, the distinction between natural and unnatural from Aristotle to natural law and moral philosophy, the discovery of rule of supply and demand, and the development of Commerce and agriculture in Europe… its policy orientation was influenced by the concepts of Tao, i.e. law of nature, and the inaction from China. History can be regard as a winding, discreate watershed relating with multiple streams. The interflow of streams of different civilization, may be able to provide more choices for the opening of thought window and more genes for the ecology to evolve.