International Journal of Social Research

The causes of WWI: a problem that most historians have found difficult or even impossible to solve. My review of a book, The Sleepwalkers (2012), by the historian C. Clark, illustrates this problem (Scheff 2018). It is a best seller, and has been highly praised by reviewers. One example: “For a century the question of the origins of World War I has bedeviled historians. But no one who examines the question will be able to ignore “The Sleepwalkers’’. (David M. Shribman, March 23, 2013. Boston Globe.) However, like most attempts, Clark’s book doesn’t solve the puzzle. His solution is not clear, but it seems to be that both Germany and France were more or less equally at fault. However, the majority of attempts by other investigators seem to place Germany at fault, but with little or no systematic evidence. In particular they do not propose a clear and obvious MOTIVE for starting the war. It seems to me, however, that it was France that had such a motive: There is a hidden aspect of Clark’s book that neither the author nor any of the reviewers’ mention: humiliation as a possible cause of the war. When I searched Clark’s text, there were 18 mentions of humiliation, the first on page 51, the last on page 558. A large part of this usage occurs when the author quotes the major players in WWI: they use it to explain motives. For example, Edward Gray, Prime Minister in England during WWI is quoted as saying “If Britain were forced to choose between peace and the surrender of her international pre-eminence …peace at that price would be a humiliation intolerable …to endure.” (pp. 210). He seems to be saying that avoiding humiliation is a motive that would cause England to go to war. The philosopher…

The purpose of this article is to explore the human insecurities of indoor sex workers and coping strategies they use to reduce their insecurities of different kind in the case of Woldia Town. The article employed 10 purposively selected indoor sex workers for in-depth interviews and four key informants (2pimps: owners of the bar house and 2 NGOs working on sex workers) as a key informant interviewee. In addition, one FGD was held with indoor sex workers to elicit group ideas about the issue. The article revealed that indoor sex workers are found to be faced with different human insecurities in their work and coping strategies that they are using to reduce their security threats. In general, the study conclude that indoor sex workers are at a high risk of insecurities therefore serious attention must be paid in order to address this problem and it suggests that the government, police department, NGO projects and the community are expected to do a lot to reduce the problem.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the scientific production on the scenarios of school bullying through searches in online journals in the areas of Health, Social Sciences and Humanities, from 2013 to 2018. METHOD: This is an integrative literature review. The sample consisted of 43 publications. RESULTS: The survey revealed that the 2014, 2017 and 2018 period presented a number of (21.42%) publications, followed by 2013 to 2016 (14.28%) and finally the 2015 period corresponding to (7.14%). of the total score of publications. As for the predominant country of origin of the main author was Colombia (28.57%). The predominant area of knowledge of the first author was psychology (42.85%). CONCLUSION: The discussion about the practice of school violence, Bullying, has gained notoriety due to the intensification and severity of the phenomenon in the various scenarios, especially in educational institutions, whether public or private. The information gathered through this study stimulates the current, contemporary debate, collaborating for future research on this subject.

Tea culture is a very long-standing cultural representative of China. It has a profound and extensive influence all over the world. Tea culture contains very rich philosophies and spiritual connotations, which can give people a lot of thought inspiration. The sports spirit represented by football is also a valuable asset in the process of cultural development in China. How to effectively integrate the traditional tea culture and sports spirit in our country has received great attention from people and has also become a lot of experts and scholars. Object of inquiry. This article focuses on the analysis and research of the fusion strategy between tea culture and sports spirit.

People often think of certain demographic characteristics when they are asked about particular kinds of criminal offenders and behaviors. Having set beliefs and attitudes about particular kinds of social groups often comes with negative labeling, stereotyping, and unfavorable treatment. This study examined what came into the minds of 573 people when they were asked about specific kinds of criminal groups or offenders. The findings from this study confirmed that there are clear patterns in the ways that people tend to think when they are asked about the demographics of criminal offenders. Research participants from all demographic backgrounds generally displayed common thoughts and beliefs about which types of people fall into specific offending categories, such as serial killers being White, gang members being Hispanic, prison inmates being Black, drug addicts being White, and outlaw bikers being White. Across all categories it was found that most people think of males when it comes to criminal offending. Other clear patterns revealed included thoughts about offenders typically being young and from the lower class; although there were some deviations from this for certain types of offenders and groups (e.g., outlaw bikers). The findings from this study should be useful across a number of fields such as psychology, criminology, sociology, social work, and corrections.

In a cabinet form of Government relationship between Ministers and Civil Servants plays an important role for functioning of a successful government because the ministers are members of Parliament and direct elected by the people from their respective constituencies, so they always claim their supermacy. In the other hand Civil Servants are selected on the countrywide merit for a certain age on permanentbasis so they never forget their merits and permanent cadre. Therefore a major difficulty the adjustment of relations between the two are prevailed from the very beginning in India. In fact the relations between the ministers and civil servants are very delicate. But, unfortunately in India traditions have so far been developed to put them on a satisfactory and enduring basis. All the facts have discussed ahead in this context.

Public participation in public decision-making is of great significance for speeding up the transformation of government functions and embodying people’s ownership. Therefore, in the process of local decision-making, expanding public participation and attaching importance to the important value of public participation are of far-reaching significance to the formulation of local decision-making in China. For various reasons, the role of public participation in local government decision-making has not been well reflected. To achieve effective public participation in local government decision-making, we need to improve the quality of public political participation and cultivate good political participants; we need to improve the public participation mechanism in government public decision-making, expand the channels for public participation in decision-making; strengthen the guidance and supervision of the media, and purify the media environment for public participation in government decision-making.

Compassion fatigue (CF), a combination of burnout (BO) and secondary traumatic stress (STS), is common among helpers who are exposed to indirect trauma; therefore, it affects their quality of life (QOL). Professional Quality of life (ProQOL) and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) are identified as essential constructs in understanding health or quality of life of helpers working with survivors of trauma. The purpose of this quantitative, correlation study was to investigate the relationship between professional quality of life and coping strategies of helpers who interact with individuals from the refugee background in resettlement. Data were collected via an online survey link distributed through gatekeepers of the refugee resettlement agencies to measure the relationship, if any, between QOL and coping strategies utilized by helpers working with people from a refugee background and to increase understanding of the types of coping strategies helpers can use to facilitate better work environment, better professional quality of life, and slower burnout rates so as to contribute to the theory of migration, traumatology, and professional quality of life. Participating helpers indicated their preferred coping strategies and their quality of life which were calculated using SPSS version 24 for Windows. There was a strong positive correlation (p>.05) among dimensions of the ProQOL and coping strategies. Most helpers reported average to high compassion satisfaction (CS) and low BO and STS. The findings suggest that teaching and increasing awareness of these predictors might positively influence the QOL of helpers of refugee background populations.

Economics believes that economic behavior in the pursuit of interests will not involve any social behavior or relationship. However, with the continuous development of society, personal economic behavior does not fully encourage and atomize, but a clock is in the process of changing social relations. From the perspective of economic sociology, starting from the perspective of embeddedness, expounding and explaining economic behavior, and proposing several theoretical abstract researches on “economic behavior”, in order to provide some guidance and help for relevant researcher.

Globalisation has enhanced the rate of urbanisation and influenced the travel behaviour characteristics across the cities of the world. Remarkably, in the case of Nigeria, especially in the most commercialised local government area, the travel pattern seems erratic and unpredictable; problems associated with urban mobility include delay, traffic congestion, and chaotic trip pattern characteristics. In this regards, most related studies seems to be biased towards the developed economics urban metropolitan areas. Therefore this study intends to examine the travel behavior characteristics in Nigeria’s most commercialised local government area. The methodology involves both the qualitative and the quantitative methods. The data is analysed with descriptive, chi-square statistical and regression analytical techniques. The study reveals that socio-economic characteristics especially gender, and the female to be specific contributes more to the volume of trips in the study area than the men. In addition, it shows there is a significant relationship between the mode of transport and level of accessibility among the residents of policy.