eSciPub Journals

Review Article of American Journal of Psychiatric Research and Reviews Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior in Aging Adults: A Narrative Review Tiffany Field, PhD University of Miami School of Medicine and Fielding Graduate University The recent literature (last five years) on inactivity and sedentary behavior in aging (ageing) adults is predominantly focused on negative effects of inactivity/sedentary behavior along with some studies on predictors/risk variables and interventions. Aging has been typically defined as starting as early as 60 or 65. And, inactivity has been defined as reduced time being active and/or increased time being sedentary. The prevalence rates for inactivity in aging adults have been highly variable in this literature, ranging from a low of 21% to a high of 79%. Negative effects have included cognitive impairment, reduced muscle strength, frailty, depression and mortality. The Negative biological effects have included increased cytokines and triglycerides as well as increased hippocampal volume and white matter hyperintensities. Predictors/risk factors have been social isolation, loneliness, inadequate nutrition and multiple demographic variables. Interventions have been effective including stepping, Pilates and mobile health exercises. More well-designed longitudinal studies are needed as well as more robust randomized controlled trials. Keywords: Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior; Aging Adults; Narrative Review ...

Review Article of American Journal of Psychiatric Research and Reviews Late Life Suicidality: A Narrative Review Tiffany Field, PhD University of Miami School of Medicine and Fielding Graduate University This review summarizes research on late life suicidality found in the recent literature (last five years). The prevalence has widely ranged from 5-56% for suicidality in late life. The research has focused primarily on predictors/risk factors for suicidality. Social factors have included bereavement, isolation and loneliness. Psychological problems have included anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances and prior suicide attempts. Physical conditions have included functional disability, inflammation, chronic illness and drug misuse. Interventions have focused primarily on exercise and increasing physical activity. The interpersonal theory of suicide (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness), inflammation and immune dysfunction have been considered potential underlying mechanisms for late life suicidality. This research is limited to self-report, cross-sectional studies that typically involve several variables, although the relative significance of the different variables is frequently not reported. Keywords: Late Life Suicidality; Narrative Review ...

Research Article of International Journal of Aging Research RELATION OF UPPER ARM AND FOREARM CIRCUMFERENCES IN IDENTIFYING SARCOPENIA IN HOSPITALIZED OLDER PATIENTS WITH HIP FRACTURES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Daisuke Takagi, PhD1, Masatoshi Kageyama2,3, Kenta Yamamoto4, Hiroshi Matsumoto, MD5 1Department of Shizuoka Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Tokoha University; 2Long-Term Care Health Facilities Sunrise Ohama; 3Graduate School, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Cooperative Major in Medical Photonics (Doctoral Course); 4Department of Rehabilitation, Toyoda Eisei Hospital; 5Department of Orthopedic surgery, Toyoda Eisei Hospital Background: A previous study has reported that calf circumference was useful in predicting sarcopenia in older adults with hip fractures. However, the relationship between sarcopenia and upper arm and forearm circumferences has not been well documented in older patients with hip fractures. This preliminary study aimed to determine whether upper arm and forearm circumferences are associated with sarcopenia in older patients with hip fractures. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 31 hospitalized older patients with hip fractures (femoral neck and trochanteric fractures). We classified patients based on the presence or absence of sarcopenia according to the criteria of the Asian working group for sarcopenia 2019. The upper arm and forearm circumferences were measured using a tape measure. Results: Upper arm and forearm circumferences in the non-sarcopenia group were significantly thicker than those in the sarcopenia group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that upper arm and forearm circumferences were significant independent indicators of sarcopenia. We also set the cutoff values of upper arm and forearm circumferences for identifying sarcopenia. Conclusion: These findings suggest that upper arm and forearm circumferences could be useful methods for identifying sarcopenia in hospitalized older patients with hip fractures. Keywords: Forearm circumference, Upper arm circumference, Sarcopenia, hip fracture, hospitalized older patients ...

Review Article of International Journal of Psychological Research and Reviews Thematic Apperception Test Use in Psychotherapy Evaluation Kelly J. Walk, Suchika Siotia Fielding Graduate University The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective construction technique used to identify individual responses to ambiguous stimuli. The TAT may also be used to assess one’s object relations and to understand how one uses object representations to interpret interpersonal situations illustrated on TAT cards. While the TAT has not been widely used in assessing psychopathology, a few studies have investigated its use in identifying psychopathic traits. A review of available studies indicated the TAT has only been used minimally in the assessment of psychopathology, and even less so in the evaluation of psychopathy. To date, use of the Westen’s SCORS scoring system has provided varied results, with the greatest support for valid use of the TAT in assessing psychopathy found in borderline personality disorder evaluation (Garb et al., 2002). Keywords: Thematic Apperception Test, psychopathy evaluation ...

Review Article of International Journal of Psychological Research and Reviews MAOA Levels as a Potential Biological Mechanism in Aggression: A Critical Review Kelly J. Walk, Suchika Siotia Fielding Graduate University Across cultures and throughout time, human aggression has been conceptualized in various ways. The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene on the X chromosome (Grimsby et al., 1990) has been implicated in aggression from research originating in the 1990s (Cases et al., 1995; Shih & Thompson, 1999). Researchers have sought to create predictive models of aggression, and throughout decades of research have used several different tools to measure the construct such as the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Conners’ Teachers Rating Scale. This work will analyze and synthesize current scholarly research; a critical review of this impactful line of inquiry will also be provided. Keywords: monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), aggression ...

Review Article of International Journal of Aging Research PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SARCOPENIC OBESITY IN OLDER ADULTS  Daisuke Takagi, PhD1 Masatoshi Kageyama2,3 1Department of Shizuoka Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Tokoha University 2Long-Term Care Health Facilities Sunrise Ohama 3Graduate School, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Cooperative Major in Medical Photonics (Doctoral Course) Background: Sarcopenic obesity causes a decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. Physical activity is defined as the movement of any body part derived from the work of skeletal muscle, which leads to energy consumption. Physical activity comprises not only exercise but also all activities of daily life and promotes benefits of health outcomes, with the shift from a sedentary lifestyle to that including physical activity of any intensity (including light intensity) even leading to health benefits. Objective: The current study aims to review the associations of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and physical activity with body composition, physical performance, and activities of daily living in older adults with sarcopenic obesity, including older adults requiring assistance with the performance of activities of daily living. Results: Resistance and aerobic exercises could have positive effects on muscle mass, body fat, and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenic obesity. Besides, physical activity may reduce the risk of sarcopenic obesity in older adults. Conclusion: There has been a paucity of studies particularly on whether physical activity could still prevent the risk of sarcopenic obesity and improve muscle mass, body fat, physical performance, and the capacity for activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living in older adults with sarcopenic obesity, including older adults with sarcopenic obesity requiring care. Future studies need to additionally clarify whether physical activity affects the risk of sarcopenic obesity and promotes benefits in body ...